Drug-induced neutropenia is a hematologic disorder characterized by an abnormally low neutrophil count, increasing susceptibility to infections. This condition arises as an adverse reaction to various medications, ranging from chemotherapy agents to non-chemotherapy drugs such as antibiotics, antipsychotics, and antithyroid medications. Given the potential severity of this condition, early detection and intervention are crucial for preventing life-threatening complications. Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Neutropenia The development of drug-induced neutropenia occurs through two primary mechanisms: Decreased Neutrophil Production Some drugs exert direct toxicity on bone marrow progenitor cells, impairing their ability to produce neutrophils. This suppression can occur due to inhibition of myeloid cell differentiation, cytotoxic effects on stem cells, or disruption of hematopoietic growth factors. Medications such as antithyroid drugs and chemotherapy agents are known to interfere with neutrophil production. Increased Neutrophil Destruction Certain medications trigger immune-mediated destruction of neutrophils. This process occurs when drug-related metabolites act as haptens, forming neoantigens that stimulate the immune system to produce anti-neutrophil antibodies. The result is accelerated clearance of neutrophils, leading to profound neutropenia. High-Risk Medications Several drug classes have been implicated in drug-induced neutropenia, with varying degrees of risk: Antithyroid Drugs Propylthiouracil Methimazole These drugs are commonly associated with bone marrow suppression, necessitating regular monitoring of blood counts. Antipsychotics Clozapine Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis is a well-documented adverse reaction, requiring strict hematologic monitoring. Antibiotics Beta-lactams (e.g., penicillins, cephalosporins) Sulfonamides Certain antibiotics can trigger neutropenia via immune-mediated destruction or direct marrow suppression. Antiplatelet Agents Ticlopidine This medication, once widely used, has been largely replaced by alternatives with better safety profiles due to its risk of severe neutropenia. Clinical Manifestations The severity of symptoms depends on the depth and duration of neutropenia: Early Symptoms Fever Chills Sore throat Malaise These nonspecific symptoms often precede more serious complications. Severe Infections Pneumonia Septicemia Mucosal ulcers Sepsis and septic shock Profound neutropenia impairs immune function, increasing the risk of life-threatening infections. Diagnostic Approaches Laboratory Investigations Complete Blood Count (CBC): Confirms neutropenia. Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC):
Posted inCondition D

Drug-induced neutropenia

Drug-induced neutropenia is a hematologic disorder characterized by an abnormally low neutrophil count, increasing susceptibility to infections. This condition arises as an adverse reaction to…
cyclic neutropenia
Posted inC Condition

Cyclic neutropenia

Cyclic neutropenia is a rare hematologic disorder characterized by recurrent fluctuations in neutrophil levels, typically occurring in 21-day cycles. During these episodes, the neutrophil count…