Toothache, also known as odontalgia, is one of the most common forms of oral pain affecting individuals of all ages. It ranges from mild discomfort to intense, debilitating pain and can significantly impact one’s daily function. A toothache typically signals an underlying dental issue that requires prompt evaluation and treatment. Primary Causes of Toothache Tooth
Tonsillitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, a Group A β-hemolytic streptococcus (GAS), remains one of the most prevalent bacterial causes of acute pharyngotonsillitis. This gram-positive coccus is transmitted via respiratory droplets and exhibits high infectivity, particularly in crowded environments and among children aged 5–15 years. Upon colonization, it adheres to epithelial cells of the oropharynx using
Haemophilus influenzae is a Gram-negative coccobacillus commonly found in the upper respiratory tract. Though traditionally associated with pneumonia and meningitis, it can also colonize the oropharynx and cause tonsillopharyngitis, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, young children, and those with underlying respiratory conditions. Among its various serotypes, type b (Hib) is historically the most virulent. However, non-typeable
Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils, the two lymphoid tissues located at the back of the throat. It is commonly caused by viral or bacterial infections and is especially prevalent among children, though adults may also be affected. While most cases are self-limiting, recurrent or severe episodes may require medical or surgical intervention. Key
Tonic-clonic epilepsy, a form of generalized epilepsy, often requires adjunctive treatment approaches when first-line monotherapy fails to provide adequate seizure control. Adjunctive therapy refers to **additional interventions—pharmacologic or non-pharmacologic—**that enhance the primary treatment’s effectiveness, reduce seizure frequency, or improve quality of life in patients with drug-resistant or complex seizure profiles. Indications for Adjunctive Treatment in
Tonic-clonic epilepsy, formerly referred to as grand mal epilepsy, is a type of generalized seizure disorder characterized by sudden loss of consciousness, violent muscle contractions, and convulsions. These seizures affect both hemispheres of the brain simultaneously and are considered one of the most recognizable forms of epilepsy. The condition can occur at any age and
Toenail onychomycosis is a common and persistent fungal infection of the nail unit, primarily caused by dermatophytes, but also by yeasts and non-dermatophyte molds. It represents approximately 50% of all nail disorders and is frequently associated with thickened, discolored, and brittle toenails. Though often regarded as cosmetic, onychomycosis can lead to discomfort, pain, and secondary