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Transurethral Prostatectomy Infection Prevention

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) remains the gold standard surgical intervention for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Despite its efficacy, infection prevention in TURP procedures is critical, as urinary tract infections (UTIs), bacteremia, and postoperative sepsis represent significant complications. A structured infection control strategy across all phases—preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative—can substantially reduce morbidity and improve

Transthyretin-Related Amyloid Cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM)

Transthyretin-related amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) is a progressive, life-threatening form of cardiac amyloidosis caused by the deposition of misfolded transthyretin (TTR) protein in the myocardium. This condition leads to restrictive cardiomyopathy, diastolic heart failure, and ultimately, significant morbidity and mortality if left untreated. ATTR-CM can occur in two main forms: Pathogenesis and Molecular Mechanism TTR is

Transthyretin Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy (TTR-FAP)

Transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy (TTR-FAP) is a rare, autosomal dominant, adult-onset neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in the TTR (transthyretin) gene. The disease is characterized by progressive peripheral and autonomic neuropathy due to extracellular deposition of amyloid fibrils derived from misfolded TTR proteins. TTR-FAP is a form of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (hATTR), typically involving the

Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Tract

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), also known as urothelial carcinoma, is the most prevalent type of cancer affecting the urinary tract. Originating in the urothelium—the specialized epithelial lining of the bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis—TCC accounts for over 90% of bladder cancers and a significant proportion of upper urinary tract malignancies. This malignancy demonstrates variable behavior,

Transient Cerebral Ischemia

Transient cerebral ischemia, commonly known as a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or mini-stroke, represents a temporary disruption in the blood supply to the brain. While symptoms typically resolve within minutes to hours, the episode serves as a crucial warning sign of a potential full-blown stroke. Early recognition, prompt evaluation, and targeted management can significantly reduce

Transfusion Reaction Urticaria

Transfusion reaction urticaria, commonly classified as a mild allergic transfusion reaction, manifests as an acute hypersensitivity response during or shortly after the administration of blood products. It is predominantly characterized by pruritic wheals (hives) and erythema, often without systemic complications. Although generally benign, prompt identification and management are essential to ensure patient safety and to

Trachoma

Trachoma is a highly contagious, chronic eye infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. It is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. This condition, classified as a neglected tropical disease (NTD), primarily affects populations living in impoverished, overcrowded areas with limited access to clean water and sanitation. The disease is both preventable and treatable,