Thyroid Eye Disease (TED), also referred to as thyroid orbitopathy or Graves’ orbitopathy, is an autoimmune inflammatory condition affecting the tissues around the eyes. Commonly associated with hyperthyroidism, particularly Graves’ disease, TED may also occur in euthyroid or hypothyroid individuals. This disorder can lead to significant ocular discomfort, vision impairment, and disfigurement if left untreated.
Thyroid carcinoma refers to a malignant tumor arising from the epithelial cells of the thyroid gland. As the most common endocrine malignancy, thyroid cancer has shown a rising incidence globally. While most thyroid carcinomas are indolent and highly treatable, certain aggressive subtypes present significant clinical challenges. Early detection, accurate classification, and a multidisciplinary approach are
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare, life-threatening hematologic condition characterized by widespread formation of small blood clots (thrombi) in arterioles and capillaries throughout the body. This leads to thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and multiorgan dysfunction, particularly affecting the brain, kidneys, and heart. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent irreversible organ damage and
Thrombotic disorders encompass a range of conditions where abnormal blood clot formation—thrombosis—occurs within blood vessels. These disorders pose significant health risks, as clots can obstruct blood flow and cause tissue ischemia or embolism. Thrombosis may occur in veins (venous thrombosis) or arteries (arterial thrombosis), each with distinct causes, risk factors, and consequences. Classification of Thrombotic
Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) is a rare but life-threatening condition characterized by the combination of blood clots (thrombosis) and a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia). TTS has garnered global attention due to its association with certain adenoviral vector-based COVID-19 vaccines, though it can also occur independently or as part of autoimmune conditions. TTS shares pathological
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a severe prothrombotic immune complication of heparin exposure, particularly concerning in the setting of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Despite its thrombocytopenic nature, HIT leads to paradoxical thrombosis that can compromise coronary perfusion, cause stent thrombosis, and lead to catastrophic outcomes during interventional procedures. A meticulous approach is required to safely manage
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a life-threatening, immune-mediated complication of heparin therapy, characterized by a significant drop in platelet count and an increased risk of thrombosis. Paradoxically, despite thrombocytopenia, patients with HIT are at an exceptionally high risk of both arterial and venous thrombotic events. Prompt diagnosis and intervention are critical to reducing morbidity and mortality.