Regional Anesthesia for Surgery
Regional anesthesia plays a pivotal role in modern surgical practice, providing targeted pain relief and improving patient outcomes. Unlike general anesthesia, which induces unconsciousness, regional…
Regional Anesthesia for Postoperative Pain
Regional anesthesia is a critical component in modern pain management strategies, particularly for postoperative recovery. This technique involves the use of local anesthetics to block…
Regional Anesthesia for Ophthalmologic Surgery
Regional anesthesia plays a pivotal role in ophthalmologic surgery by offering effective pain relief while allowing patients to remain awake and responsive during procedures. As…
Regional Anesthesia for Labor Pain
Effective pain management during labor is crucial for maternal satisfaction and favorable outcomes. Regional anesthesia, primarily epidural, spinal, or combined spinal-epidural (CSE) techniques, has become…
Regional Anesthesia for Cesarean Section
Regional anesthesia has become the standard of care for cesarean deliveries worldwide due to its superior maternal safety profile, effective analgesia, and the ability to…
Refractory Osteosarcoma
Refractory osteosarcoma refers to cases where the disease persists or recurs despite initial multimodal treatment involving surgery, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiotherapy. It represents a significant…
Refractory Oropharyngeal Candidiasis
Refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) is characterized by persistent or recurrent infection of the oral and pharyngeal mucosa caused primarily by Candida species, despite adequate courses…
Refractory Mycobacterium Avium Complex Pulmonary Disease
Refractory Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) pulmonary disease occurs when the infection persists or progresses despite appropriate guideline-based therapy for at least 6 months. As part…
Refractory Malignant Tumor of Testis
A refractory malignant tumor of the testis refers to a testicular germ cell tumor (GCT) that does not respond to standard first-line chemotherapy or recurs…
Refractory Ewing’s Sarcoma
Refractory Ewing’s sarcoma refers to cases where the disease does not respond to initial chemotherapy regimens or recurs after an initial period of remission. This…