Postoperative acute pain is a common, expected physiological response following surgical intervention. It typically arises within hours after surgery and lasts up to 7 days, though it may persist longer depending on the procedure and individual response. This pain is primarily nociceptive and results from tissue injury, inflammation, and the activation of pain pathways. Failure
Postmenopausal urethral atrophy is a component of the broader genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM), characterized by estrogen deficiency-induced atrophic changes in the urethra, bladder, and surrounding vaginal tissues. This condition affects millions of women globally, impairing urinary function and reducing quality of life. Though underreported and often misdiagnosed, timely recognition and treatment yield significant improvements
Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by reduced bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue. This condition leads to increased bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures, predominantly in the spine, hip, and wrist. The decline in estrogen levels after menopause accelerates bone resorption, surpassing bone formation, resulting in significant bone loss. Pathophysiology:
Hormone-dependent breast cancer, also referred to as hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer, is characterized by the expression of estrogen receptors (ER) and/or progesterone receptors (PR) on tumor cells. In postmenopausal women, systemic estrogen levels decline significantly; however, local estrogen production in adipose tissues continues to stimulate cancer growth in ER+ tumors. Effective adjunct (adjuvant) treatments
Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is the most common and persistent complication of herpes zoster, commonly known as shingles. It is characterized by chronic neuropathic pain that lingers in the area affected by the shingles rash, often long after the skin lesions have healed. PHN occurs due to nerve damage caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and
Postexposure plague prophylaxis (PEP) is a critical public health intervention aimed at preventing illness in individuals exposed to Yersinia pestis, the bacterium responsible for plague. This zoonotic disease remains a threat in specific regions and is also considered a potential bioterrorism agent. Rapid initiation of antibiotic prophylaxis is essential in preventing progression to severe disease
Posterior synechiae are adhesions between the posterior surface of the iris and the anterior lens capsule. These adhesions typically develop as a consequence of intraocular inflammation, most commonly in the context of anterior uveitis. If not promptly diagnosed and managed, posterior synechiae may lead to complications such as elevated intraocular pressure, angle-closure glaucoma, and permanent
Postencephalitic parkinsonism (PEP) is a rare, neurodegenerative condition resulting from viral encephalitis, most notably encephalitis lethargica. It is characterized by Parkinson-like motor symptoms including bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, and postural instability. First observed following the global encephalitis lethargica epidemic from 1917 to 1928, this condition primarily affects the extrapyramidal system, with lasting neurological sequelae. Historical Context:
Postcoital contraception, commonly referred to as emergency contraception, encompasses medical interventions used to prevent pregnancy after unprotected intercourse or contraceptive failure. These methods are most effective when administered promptly after sexual activity, ideally within 72 to 120 hours. Emergency contraceptive options include hormonal pills and intrauterine devices (IUDs), each varying in mechanism, efficacy, and indications.
Postabortal hemorrhage refers to excessive bleeding following a spontaneous or induced abortion. As one of the most serious complications of abortion, it demands immediate recognition and prompt intervention. Defined as blood loss exceeding 500 mL or any amount resulting in hemodynamic instability, postabortal hemorrhage can arise from various etiologies including uterine atony, retained products of