Preoperative anxiety is a common psychological response experienced by patients in anticipation of surgery. It encompasses the fear, nervousness, or distress experienced before undergoing a surgical procedure, and it can significantly affect both the patient’s emotional well-being and their recovery process. With an increasing number of people undergoing surgical procedures worldwide, understanding and managing preoperative
Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) is a rare but serious genetic metabolic disorder that affects the body’s ability to break down certain fats and proteins. This condition is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, which is involved in metabolizing specific amino acids and lipids. As a result, toxic levels of methylmalonic acid build up
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a severe form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) that affects a small but significant number of women, typically during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Unlike general PMS, which is characterized by mild mood swings and discomfort, PMDD involves more intense and disruptive symptoms that can impair daily functioning. PMDD
Premenopausal acquired hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) is a form of female sexual dysfunction characterized by a persistent or recurrent lack of sexual thoughts, fantasies, and desire for sexual activity that causes significant distress or interpersonal difficulty. It is considered “acquired” when it develops after a period of normal sexual desire, and “premenopausal” when it
Premature labor, also known as preterm labor, occurs when uterine contractions begin to open the cervix after 20 weeks and before 37 completed weeks of pregnancy. This condition can result in preterm birth, leading to potential health risks for the newborn, especially if the organs are not fully developed. Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms of
A premature infant, also referred to as a preterm baby, is born before the completion of 37 weeks of gestation. With advancements in neonatal care, the survival rates for preterm infants have improved significantly, but they remain at higher risk for medical complications and developmental delays due to underdeveloped organs and systems. Classification of Prematurity
Premature ejaculation (PE) is one of the most common male sexual dysfunctions, defined as ejaculation that occurs sooner than desired—either before or shortly after penetration—causing distress or frustration for one or both partners. It can affect men of all ages and is often accompanied by anxiety, reduced sexual confidence, and relationship strain. Understanding the Types
Pregnancy contraception refers to the intentional prevention of pregnancy through various birth control methods. These methods work by inhibiting ovulation, fertilization, or implantation of a fertilized egg. Choosing the right form of contraception is a critical component of family planning and reproductive health. Classification of Contraceptive Methods Contraceptive options are broadly classified based on their
Pregnancy is a transformative physiological state, characterized by the development of a fetus within the uterus, beginning with conception and culminating in childbirth. Spanning approximately 40 weeks, it is traditionally divided into three trimesters, each marked by significant changes in maternal physiology and fetal development. Understanding these stages is critical for ensuring optimal maternal and
Precocious puberty refers to the onset of puberty at an unusually early age—before 8 in girls and before 9 in boys. This condition accelerates the body’s physical and hormonal development far earlier than expected, often leading to emotional, psychological, and physical implications that warrant medical attention. Early puberty affects approximately 1 in 5,000 to 10,000