Chronic atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most prevalent cardiac arrhythmias globally and is closely associated with an increased risk of thromboembolism, particularly ischemic stroke. The irregular rhythm of AF disrupts the normal flow of blood in the atria, leading to the formation of blood clots. These clots can then travel to the brain,
Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia (GT) is a rare inherited bleeding disorder caused by defects in the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex, which is essential for platelet aggregation. As a result, individuals with GT experience impaired platelet function, leading to increased susceptibility to bleeding, especially during and after surgical procedures. Surgical interventions in patients with GT require careful planning
Von Willebrand’s disease (VWD) is the most common inherited bleeding disorder, caused by quantitative or qualitative defects in von Willebrand factor (VWF). The disease impairs platelet adhesion and factor VIII stabilization, increasing the risk of excessive bleeding during and after surgical procedures. Surgical interventions in patients with VWD require meticulous preoperative evaluation and personalized hemostatic
Stress ulcers are acute gastric mucosal lesions frequently encountered in critically ill patients, especially those in intensive care units (ICUs). These lesions can progress to stress-related mucosal disease (SRMD), often leading to upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding—a serious complication with high morbidity and mortality. Prophylactic strategies have been proven effective in reducing their incidence, necessitating a
Skin allografts remain indispensable in the management of extensive burns, chronic wounds, and certain reconstructive procedures. However, the immunogenic nature of skin, rich in antigen-presenting cells and vascularization, renders it particularly susceptible to acute and chronic rejection. Preventing skin allograft rejection requires a multifaceted approach that integrates immune modulation, histocompatibility matching, and graft monitoring. Immunopathogenesis
Skeletal-related events (SREs) in multiple myeloma (MM) represent a major cause of morbidity and impaired quality of life. These events, including pathologic fractures, spinal cord compression, need for radiation or surgery to bone, and hypercalcemia, arise from osteolytic bone lesions caused by myeloma-induced bone destruction. Our goal in managing MM is not only to control
Seizures following cranial trauma or neurosurgical interventions represent a serious neurological complication with implications for recovery, long-term outcomes, and patient safety. These seizures can be classified as: Prevention and management demand a structured approach integrating clinical assessment, pharmacologic prophylaxis, and individualized risk stratification. Risk Factors for Seizures After Cranial Trauma or Neurosurgery Understanding who is
Rubella, also known as German measles, is a contagious viral infection caused by the rubella virus, primarily transmitted via respiratory droplets. Although typically mild in children and adults, rubella poses a significant threat during pregnancy, particularly in the first trimester, due to its association with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). CRS can lead to serious fetal
Rhesus isoimmunization, or Rh sensitization, occurs when an Rh-negative mother is exposed to Rh-positive fetal red blood cells (RBCs), triggering an immune response that results in the production of anti-D antibodies. These antibodies can cross the placenta in subsequent pregnancies, leading to hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN)—a severe and sometimes fatal condition.
Rh isoimmunization, or Rh sensitization, occurs when an Rh-negative woman is exposed to Rh-positive fetal red blood cells (RBCs), leading to the production of anti-D antibodies. In future pregnancies, these antibodies may cross the placenta and attack Rh-positive fetal cells, resulting in hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). Even minimal fetomaternal hemorrhage during