Primary focal hyperhidrosis of the axilla is a chronic condition characterized by excessive underarm sweating that occurs without identifiable medical cause. Unlike secondary hyperhidrosis, which is triggered by systemic conditions or medications, primary axillary hyperhidrosis typically begins in adolescence and persists throughout adulthood. The condition affects both genders equally and has a substantial impact on
Primary dysbetalipoproteinemia, also known as type III hyperlipoproteinemia, is a rare genetic lipid metabolism disorder characterized by the improper clearance of remnant lipoproteins from the bloodstream. This leads to elevated plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels, increasing the risk of premature atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. The condition is closely associated with mutations in the apolipoprotein E
Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (PC-ALCL) is a distinct subtype of CD30-positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders, predominantly manifesting in the skin without systemic involvement at the time of diagnosis. It is imperative to differentiate PC-ALCL from other forms of cutaneous or systemic lymphomas due to differences in clinical behavior, treatment, and prognosis. Pathophysiology and Molecular
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), previously known as primary biliary cirrhosis, is a chronic autoimmune liver disease that primarily affects the bile ducts within the liver. Over time, the condition leads to the progressive destruction of these ducts, impairing the liver’s ability to secrete bile. This impairment can result in the accumulation of bile salts, leading
Primary adrenocortical insufficiency, commonly known as Addison’s disease, is a rare yet critical endocrine disorder that affects the adrenal glands’ ability to produce essential hormones, including cortisol and aldosterone. These hormones are pivotal in regulating a variety of bodily functions, such as metabolism, immune response, and fluid balance. Without adequate hormone production, individuals with primary
Priapism is a rare but serious medical condition characterized by a prolonged and often painful erection that persists for hours without sexual stimulation. While an erection typically subsides after sexual activity or arousal, priapism can occur spontaneously and lead to significant physical and psychological distress. If left untreated, priapism can cause permanent damage to the
Septic abortion remains a critical public health concern, particularly in settings with limited access to safe abortion services. Among the bacterial pathogens implicated in this condition, Prevotella species, especially Prevotella bivia, have emerged as prominent anaerobic agents. These gram-negative anaerobes are part of the normal vaginal flora but become pathogenic when ascending into the upper
Radiation therapy remains a cornerstone in the treatment of head and neck cancers, yet xerostomia—commonly known as dry mouth—is one of its most prevalent and debilitating side effects. Resulting from salivary gland hypofunction due to radiation exposure, xerostomia significantly impairs oral health, nutrition, speech, and quality of life. Preventing xerostomia secondary to radiation therapy requires
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a prevalent fungal infection primarily caused by Candida albicans, affecting up to 75% of women at least once during their lifetime. While generally non-life-threatening, its symptoms—itching, burning, discharge, and discomfort—can significantly impact quality of life. Recurrence rates remain high without proper preventive strategies. We present an evidence-based, multifactorial approach to preventing
Vitamin D deficiency is a widespread global health issue, with implications that span from impaired bone mineralization to increased risks of chronic diseases. As a fat-soluble secosteroid, vitamin D plays a crucial role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis, immune modulation, and musculoskeletal integrity. We present a comprehensive strategy to prevent vitamin D deficiency, addressing its