Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease

Primary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) involves proactively addressing modifiable risk factors before the onset of clinical symptoms. This preventative approach significantly reduces the incidence of myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, and other cardiovascular complications. We emphasize the implementation of evidence-based strategies through lifestyle modification, pharmacologic interventions, and targeted screenings. Epidemiology and Public Health

Primary Ovarian Failure

Primary ovarian failure (POF), also known as primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), is a clinical syndrome characterized by the loss of normal ovarian function before the age of 40. It leads to infertility, hypoestrogenism, and elevated gonadotropin levels. While the condition resembles natural menopause, it occurs significantly earlier and may present intermittently rather than being a

Primary Mediastinal Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL) is an aggressive subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), distinguished by its origin in the thymic (anterior) mediastinum and unique clinical and biological features. Though it accounts for approximately 2–4% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas, it is a critical entity due to its distinct pathology, treatment requirements, and demographic

Primary Malignant Neoplasm of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Primary malignant neoplasms of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract refer to cancers originating within the various sections of the GI system, which includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, liver, and pancreas. These malignancies represent a major global health burden and are among the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Early detection and prompt intervention

Primary Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Deficiency

Primary Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Deficiency (PIGFD), also known as Laron syndrome or growth hormone insensitivity syndrome, is a rare congenital disorder characterized by the body’s inability to produce or respond to insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), despite normal or elevated levels of growth hormone (GH). IGF-1 plays a pivotal role in childhood growth and development, and

Primary Immune Deficiency Disorder

Primary Immune Deficiency Disorder (PIDD) refers to a group of over 400 rare, chronic disorders in which part of the body’s immune system is either missing or functions improperly. These conditions are inherited genetic defects that compromise the immune system’s ability to defend against infections, malignancies, and autoimmune diseases. Individuals with PIDD are more susceptible

rimary Hypogonadism Due to Orchitis

Primary hypogonadism is defined as testicular failure that results in inadequate production of testosterone and impaired spermatogenesis. When the etiology is orchitis—an inflammatory condition of the testes—testicular tissue may be permanently damaged, leading to irreversible endocrine and reproductive dysfunction. The condition necessitates early recognition, targeted treatment, and long-term hormonal management to maintain quality of life

Primary Hypogonadism Due to Bilateral Torsion of Testes

Primary hypogonadism is a clinical condition characterized by impaired testicular function resulting in reduced testosterone production and/or impaired spermatogenesis. When this condition arises as a consequence of bilateral torsion of the testes, it becomes a urological and endocrinological emergency with long-term reproductive and hormonal implications. In primary hypogonadism due to bilateral testicular torsion, the underlying

Primary Hyperoxaluria Type I (PH1)

Primary Hyperoxaluria Type I (PH1) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by the overproduction of oxalate, a metabolic end product that the body cannot degrade. The excess oxalate combines with calcium to form calcium oxalate crystals, leading to nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis, and ultimately end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) if left untreated. PH1 results from a

Primary Genital Syphilis

Primary genital syphilis represents the first stage of syphilis infection, caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum. Characterized by the appearance of a painless genital ulcer known as a chancre, this sexually transmitted infection (STI) marks the onset of a systemic disease that can progress through several distinct clinical stages if left untreated. Early diagnosis