Pyelonephritis is a serious bacterial infection affecting one or both kidneys, often originating from a urinary tract infection (UTI) that has spread upwards. If untreated, it can cause irreversible kidney damage or life-threatening complications. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate management are critical to preserving renal function and overall health. Types of Pyelonephritis Acute Pyelonephritis Acute pyelonephritis
Pustular psoriasis is a rare and severe form of psoriasis characterized by the presence of white, pus-filled blisters (pustules) surrounded by red, inflamed skin. Unlike infections, the pus consists of non-infectious white blood cells. Pustular psoriasis may occur on localized areas, such as the hands and feet, or it can affect the entire body, leading
Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) is a rare hematologic syndrome characterized by severe normocytic anemia, reticulocytopenia, and selective absence of erythroid precursors in the bone marrow. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a common B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder in adults, is frequently associated with autoimmune complications. Among these, PRCA represents a serious but uncommon manifestation, likely resulting from
Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) is a rare hematologic disorder characterized by a severe reduction or complete absence of erythroid precursors in the bone marrow, while other hematopoietic lineages remain unaffected. The resulting effect is a profound normocytic, normochromic anemia accompanied by reticulocytopenia, in the absence of leukopenia or thrombocytopenia. PRCA may manifest as either
Punctate keratitis is a clinical condition marked by inflammation of the cornea, specifically presenting as multiple small epithelial erosions or opacities. These punctate lesions are most commonly seen on the anterior corneal surface and are detectable through slit-lamp biomicroscopy and fluorescein staining. Although often benign, punctate keratitis can significantly affect visual clarity and ocular comfort,
Punctate epithelial keratopathy (PEK), also known as superficial punctate keratitis (SPK), is a condition characterized by small, dot-like defects or lesions in the corneal epithelium. These lesions are often visible through fluorescein staining during slit-lamp examination and are associated with various ocular surface disorders. Though typically non-infectious, PEK may cause significant ocular discomfort and visual
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious and potentially life-threatening infection caused primarily by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It most commonly affects the lungs but can spread to other organs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Despite global efforts to eliminate TB, it remains a major public health challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Etiology: Understanding the
Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE), a manifestation of venous thromboembolism (VTE), is a preventable but often fatal condition resulting from the obstruction of the pulmonary arteries by thrombotic material. Prevention strategies must be rigorously implemented, particularly in hospitalized and high-risk patients, to reduce morbidity, mortality, and healthcare burden. Identifying Risk Factors for Pulmonary Thromboembolism Effective prevention begins
Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE), commonly referred to as pulmonary embolism, is a potentially life-threatening condition caused by the obstruction of the pulmonary arteries by thrombi, typically originating from deep veins in the lower extremities. It constitutes a major component of venous thromboembolism (VTE), alongside deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The prompt recognition and treatment of PTE are
Pulmonary multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) represents a severe and escalating public health crisis, marked by resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampin, the two most potent first-line antitubercular drugs. This resistance complicates treatment, prolongs infectiousness, and elevates mortality rates. The disease primarily affects the lungs, facilitating airborne transmission and making containment efforts challenging in