Sclerotherapy is a common medical procedure used to treat esophageal varices, particularly in patients with liver cirrhosis. While the procedure is generally effective in controlling variceal bleeding, it can sometimes lead to complications, one of the most significant being sclerotherapy-induced esophageal ulcers. These ulcers can cause severe discomfort and may complicate the patient’s recovery process.
Scleroderma renal crisis (SRC) is an acute, life-threatening complication of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) characterized by rapid onset of severe hypertension and acute kidney injury. It represents one of the most urgent medical emergencies in scleroderma patients, primarily affecting those with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms of SRC SRC typically presents abruptly and
Scleroderma, also known as systemic sclerosis, is a rare and chronic autoimmune connective tissue disease characterized by hardening and tightening of the skin and connective tissues. In some cases, it also affects internal organs such as the lungs, heart, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract. The condition arises when the body’s immune system produces excess collagen, leading
Schizophrenia is a severe, chronic psychiatric disorder characterized by a profound disconnection from reality. It affects how individuals think, feel, and behave, often resulting in hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and significant social or occupational dysfunction. Schizophrenia typically emerges in late adolescence or early adulthood and, if left untreated, can severely impair quality of life. Core
Schizoaffective disorder is a complex and chronic psychiatric condition characterized by a combination of symptoms seen in both schizophrenia and mood disorders (either depression or bipolar disorder). Individuals with schizoaffective disorder experience episodes of psychosis—including hallucinations and delusions—alongside mood disturbances. It is a unique diagnosis, distinct from schizophrenia or bipolar disorder alone, and requires careful
Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic flatworms of the genus Schistosoma. This chronic condition is endemic in regions with poor water sanitation, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, parts of Asia, the Middle East, and South America. The disease results from an immune response to the eggs of the parasite
Scarlet fever is a bacterial illness primarily affecting children aged 5–15. Caused by Group A Streptococcus (GAS), the same bacteria responsible for strep throat, it presents with a distinctive red rash, sore throat, and high fever. Although once considered a serious childhood illness, early diagnosis and antibiotics have significantly reduced its severity and complications. Etiology
Scalp psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that manifests as scaly, itchy, and inflamed patches on the scalp. It is a subtype of plaque psoriasis, an immune-mediated disease that accelerates the turnover of skin cells, leading to thickened plaques and silvery-white scales. Though not contagious, scalp psoriasis significantly affects quality of life due to
Scabies is a highly contagious skin infestation caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis mite. It leads to intense pruritus, particularly at night, and is transmitted through prolonged skin-to-skin contact. Globally, scabies affects over 200 million people at any time and remains a significant public health burden, especially in crowded living environments and among vulnerable
Sarcoidosis is a chronic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology that predominantly affects the lungs and lymphatic system, though it can involve virtually any organ. Characterized by the formation of non-caseating granulomas, this condition presents with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic to life-threatening. The disease affects individuals of all ethnicities and ages