Secondary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

Secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) refers to a strategic, evidence-based approach to reduce the recurrence of cardiovascular events in individuals with a documented history of coronary artery disease, stroke, or peripheral arterial disease. This involves rigorous control of risk factors, pharmacologic interventions, and lifestyle modifications aimed at mitigating future morbidity and mortality. Clinical

Secondary Osteoporosis

Secondary osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disorder characterized by decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and compromised bone microarchitecture due to identifiable medical conditions or medications. Unlike primary osteoporosis, which is age- or menopause-related, secondary osteoporosis arises from systemic diseases, endocrine imbalances, or pharmacologic agents that accelerate bone loss or impair bone formation. Failure to recognize

Secondary Glaucoma

Secondary glaucoma refers to a group of eye disorders characterized by increased intraocular pressure (IOP) due to an identifiable underlying cause. Unlike primary glaucomas, secondary forms result from trauma, inflammation, vascular disorders, medication use, or systemic diseases that impair aqueous humor outflow or increase its production. This progressive optic neuropathy can lead to irreversible vision

Secondary Amenorrhea

Secondary amenorrhea is defined as the absence of menstrual periods for three or more consecutive cycles—or six months—in women who previously had regular menstruation. Unlike primary amenorrhea, which refers to the failure to begin menstruation by age 15, secondary amenorrhea arises after menarche has already occurred. This condition is not a disease itself but a

Seborrheic Dermatitis of the Scalp

Seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that primarily affects sebaceous gland-rich areas, most notably the scalp. It manifests through flaky scales, erythema, itchiness, and greasy patches. The condition is frequently confused with dandruff, which is a milder, non-inflammatory form of seborrheic dermatitis. While not contagious or life-threatening, it often presents

Seborrheic Dermatitis

Seborrheic dermatitis is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin condition characterized by erythematous plaques, greasy scales, and persistent itching, primarily affecting areas rich in sebaceous glands. It commonly manifests on the scalp, face, upper chest, and back. The condition is non-contagious but can significantly impair quality of life due to its visibility and recurring nature. Primary

Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis

Seasonal allergic rhinitis, commonly referred to as hay fever, is an immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergic condition characterized by nasal inflammation triggered by seasonal allergens such as pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds. It primarily affects the upper respiratory tract and is one of the most prevalent allergic disorders worldwide. Key Causes and Triggers of Seasonal

Seasonal Affective Disorder

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a recurring form of depression with a seasonal pattern, most commonly emerging during the fall and winter months. This condition is characterized by mood changes, lethargy, and diminished interest in daily activities. SAD poses a substantial burden on mental health, productivity, and quality of life. A strategic approach encompassing clinical

Scrub Typhus

Scrub typhus, also known as tsutsugamushi disease, is a potentially fatal mite-borne rickettsial infection caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi. Endemic to the “tsutsugamushi triangle” extending across Southeast Asia, Northern Australia, and the western Pacific, the disease remains a significant public health concern due to its variable presentation and diagnostic challenges. Timely recognition and appropriate antibiotic therapy

Sclerotherapy-Induced Mucositis

Sclerotherapy remains a critical intervention for managing esophageal varices, particularly in patients with portal hypertension. However, while effective, the procedure carries a risk of mucosal complications, including sclerotherapy-induced mucositis. This condition, characterized by inflammation and damage to the esophageal mucosa, can significantly impact patient recovery and overall treatment success. A thorough understanding of its etiology,