Mushroom poisoning from gyromitrin-containing species, notably Gyromitra esculenta (false morel), is a rare but severe toxicological emergency. The ingestion of these mushrooms can lead to a constellation of symptoms, among which generalized tonic-clonic seizures are among the most alarming. The underlying pathophysiology involves gyromitrin metabolism into monomethylhydrazine (MMH), a potent neurotoxin that interferes with central
Seizure disorders, commonly referred to as epilepsy, are neurological conditions characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. This results in sudden and uncontrolled episodes, known as seizures, which can manifest in various forms depending on the brain region affected. Seizure disorders can be disruptive to daily life, but with proper understanding, diagnosis, and treatment,
Sedation in pediatric patients is a critical component of modern medical care, designed to alleviate pain, reduce anxiety, and ensure comfort during medical procedures or treatments. Whether in the emergency room, operating room, or outpatient setting, the proper use of sedative agents is essential to managing both the physical and emotional needs of children. Given
Sedation in obstetrics plays a crucial role in managing pain, anxiety, and discomfort during labor, delivery, and various obstetric procedures. The primary goal is to ensure the safety and well-being of both the mother and the newborn, while also providing effective pain relief and minimizing the risk of complications. A careful balance between sedative agents,
Sedation in intubated patients is a cornerstone of intensive care, ensuring patient comfort, synchrony with mechanical ventilation, and minimizing agitation-induced complications. An individualized, protocol-driven approach to sedation optimizes outcomes, shortens ICU stays, and improves mortality when combined with effective pain control and delirium prevention. Goals of Sedation in the Intubated Patient Sedation Depth: Tailoring to
Sedation, when used as an adjunct to anesthesia, plays a critical role in enhancing perioperative comfort, reducing anesthetic requirements, and optimizing recovery. This approach blends pharmacologic strategies to achieve desired levels of consciousness and analgesia while preserving safety. In many surgical and diagnostic procedures, adjunctive sedation minimizes patient distress, facilitates smoother inductions, and supports anesthetic
Sedation refers to the administration of pharmacologic agents to reduce anxiety, discomfort, and awareness during medical or dental procedures. Its use spans a broad spectrum, from minimal sedation where patients remain responsive, to deep sedation and general anesthesia requiring airway support. Sedation enhances procedural success and patient cooperation while prioritizing safety and comfort. Levels of
Secretin stimulation testing is a specialized diagnostic procedure used to evaluate pancreatic exocrine function and confirm the presence of gastrin-secreting tumors, such as those seen in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES). Secretin, a gastrointestinal hormone, plays a critical role in stimulating pancreatic bicarbonate secretion and modulating gastric acid production through its action on G cells and pancreatic
Secondary syphilis is the second stage of the sexually transmitted infection caused by Treponema pallidum, typically occurring weeks to a few months after the initial chancre of primary syphilis heals. It is marked by systemic dissemination of the spirochete, resulting in a wide range of dermatologic, mucosal, and systemic manifestations. Pathogenesis and Transmission The pathogen
Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) is a distinct phase of multiple sclerosis (MS) characterized by a progressive worsening of neurologic function over time. Initially, patients typically experience a relapsing-remitting course (RRMS), which later transitions into SPMS with or without superimposed relapses. Unlike RRMS, the disease in SPMS gradually advances regardless of inflammation, leading to accumulating