Sepsis Caused by Serratia

Serratia species, especially Serratia marcescens, are opportunistic Gram-negative bacilli associated with hospital-acquired infections and increasing antimicrobial resistance. These organisms are capable of causing severe systemic infections, including sepsis and septic shock, particularly in immunocompromised individuals or patients undergoing invasive medical procedures. Microbiological Profile of Serratia marcescens Serratia marcescens is a facultatively anaerobic, motile bacillus in

Sepsis Caused by Enterobacter

Enterobacter species, particularly Enterobacter cloacae and Enterobacter aerogenes, are significant pathogens in hospital-acquired infections, frequently implicated in bloodstream infections and sepsis. These Gram-negative bacilli are members of the Enterobacteriaceae family and are commonly associated with multidrug resistance, complicating management in critically ill patients. Microbiology and Resistance Mechanisms of Enterobacter Bacterial Characteristics Enterobacter species are facultative

Sepsis Caused by Anaerobic Bacteria

Sepsis caused by anaerobic bacteria represents a serious medical condition characterized by a dysregulated host response to infection by obligate or facultative anaerobes. These organisms thrive in oxygen-deficient environments such as necrotic tissue, abscesses, and gastrointestinal or genitourinary tracts. Although less frequently isolated in routine cultures, anaerobic pathogens play a critical role in polymicrobial sepsis

Seminoma of Testis

Seminoma of the testis is a malignant germ cell tumor, accounting for approximately 50% of all testicular cancers. It typically affects males between the ages of 25 and 45 and arises from the germinal epithelium of the seminiferous tubules. Due to its high sensitivity to radiation and chemotherapy, seminoma generally carries a favorable prognosis when

Selenium Deficiency

Selenium is an essential trace element integral to numerous physiological processes, including antioxidant defense, immune function, thyroid hormone metabolism, and reproduction. It acts as a cofactor for selenoproteins such as glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase, which mitigate oxidative stress and maintain cellular homeostasis. Even minor reductions in selenium levels can impair these functions and contribute

Selective Decontamination of the Digestive Tract

Selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) is an evidence-based prophylactic strategy designed to prevent nosocomial infections in critically ill patients, particularly those in intensive care units (ICUs). It involves the application of non-absorbable antibiotics to the oropharynx and gastrointestinal (GI) tract, often in combination with a short course of systemic antibiotics. SDD targets potentially

Seizures Associated with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by the growth of benign tumors in multiple organ systems, including the brain. The central nervous system involvement, particularly cortical tubers, subependymal nodules, and subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (SEGAs), plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of epilepsy in TSC patients. Epilepsy is

Seizures Associated with Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-Like 5

Cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) deficiency disorder (CDD) is a rare X-linked neurodevelopmental condition marked by early-onset, refractory seizures and profound developmental delays. The hallmark feature of CDD is epilepsy, typically manifesting within the first few months of life. These seizures are often resistant to standard anti-seizure medications and contribute significantly to the disorder’s morbidity. Genetic

Seizure Occurring During Neurosurgery

Intraoperative seizures during neurosurgical procedures represent a critical challenge, with the potential to disrupt surgery, complicate outcomes, and increase morbidity. These events can arise spontaneously or be triggered by surgical stimuli, direct cortical manipulation, or cortical electrical stimulation during brain mapping. An in-depth understanding of their pathophysiology, identification, and immediate intervention strategies is essential for

Seizure Due to Isoniazid Toxicity

Isoniazid (INH) is a frontline antitubercular medication, but in overdose situations, it poses a serious neurotoxic threat, most notably by inducing seizures. These seizures are often refractory to conventional antiepileptic drugs and require specific antidotal therapy. Understanding the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and evidence-based interventions is crucial in managing INH toxicity effectively. Pathophysiology of Seizures in