Sialorrhea, commonly known as excessive drooling, refers to the unintentional loss of saliva from the mouth. It results either from hypersalivation or from impaired oral motor control, often associated with neurological conditions. Sialorrhea significantly impacts quality of life, affecting speech, swallowing, social interaction, and increasing the risk of aspiration. Types of Sialorrhea Sialorrhea can be
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH) is a disorder characterized by excessive release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin. This hormone regulates water retention in the body, and its overproduction leads to water retention and dilutional hyponatremia—low sodium levels in the blood. SIADH is a form of euvolemic hyponatremia, meaning that despite
Shy-Drager Syndrome, now more commonly referred to as Multiple System Atrophy (MSA), is a rare, progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a combination of autonomic dysfunction, parkinsonism, and cerebellar ataxia. Initially described in the 1960s by Drs. Milton Shy and Glenn Drager, the condition has since been reclassified under the umbrella of MSA due to overlapping
Children born small for gestational age (SGA) are those whose birth weight is below the 10th percentile for their gestational age. This means that their size at birth is smaller than expected for the number of weeks they have been in the womb. It is important to understand that being born SGA can be caused
Noonan syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects multiple systems in the body, including growth, development, and physical features. One of the hallmark features of Noonan syndrome is short stature, which is seen in the majority of individuals affected by this condition. Short stature in Noonan syndrome is not just a cosmetic issue; it can
Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a rare but serious condition that arises when a significant portion of the small intestine is removed or rendered nonfunctional. This can result in severe malabsorption, as the small intestine is essential for the absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes. Patients with SBS often experience challenges with digestion and nutrient
Shingles, medically known as Herpes Zoster, is a painful viral infection that occurs when the dormant varicella-zoster virus (the same virus responsible for chickenpox) reactivates in the body. This reactivation often results in a painful, blistering rash, most commonly affecting one side of the body. While shingles can occur at any age, the risk significantly
Sheep liver fluke infection, scientifically termed fasciolosis, is a parasitic disease caused by the trematode Fasciola hepatica. This flatworm primarily affects the liver and bile ducts of sheep and other ruminants, causing considerable economic loss in the livestock industry. The condition is globally prevalent, especially in regions with wet pastures that support the intermediate snail
Sézary disease, also referred to as Sézary syndrome, is a rare and aggressive leukemic variant of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). This hematologic malignancy is marked by the presence of malignant T-lymphocytes—called Sézary cells—in the skin, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood. Distinguished from its less aggressive counterpart, mycosis fungoides, Sézary disease features systemic involvement and diffuse
Sexually transmitted epididymo-orchitis is an inflammatory condition involving the epididymis and testicle, typically caused by sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It primarily affects sexually active men under 35 years of age and represents a urologic emergency requiring prompt recognition and management to prevent complications such as infertility or abscess