Sinusitis, also known as rhinosinusitis, refers to inflammation of the mucosal lining of the paranasal sinuses. It is a common clinical condition affecting millions globally, contributing to significant healthcare burden and diminished quality of life. Sinusitis may be acute or chronic, with etiologies ranging from infectious to structural or allergic triggers. Types of Sinusitis: Acute
Sinus tachycardia secondary to antipsychotic medication is a clinically significant yet under-recognized cardiovascular side effect encountered in psychiatric treatment. The interplay between neuroleptic drugs and cardiac conduction systems requires thorough understanding to ensure safe psychopharmacologic practice. Recognizing this adverse effect is vital in preventing misdiagnosis, optimizing therapy, and reducing cardiovascular risk. Pathophysiology: How Antipsychotics Induce
Sinus tachycardia is a condition where the sinoatrial (SA) node increases its firing rate, resulting in a heart rate exceeding 100 beats per minute while maintaining a normal rhythm. This physiological or pathological elevation in heart rate may be transient or persistent, depending on the underlying cause. Proper evaluation is essential to distinguish between appropriate
Sinus headache is characterized by pain and pressure in the face due to inflammation or infection of the paranasal sinuses. While commonly attributed to sinusitis, many cases initially diagnosed as sinus headaches may actually stem from migraines or other primary headache disorders. Accurate identification and targeted management are essential for long-term relief. Anatomy of the
Sinus bradycardia refers to a heart rhythm that originates from the sinoatrial (SA) node but at a rate slower than the normal resting threshold. Defined as a heart rate below 60 beats per minute in adults, this arrhythmia is often benign but can also signify an underlying pathological or physiological process depending on the clinical
Single lesion paucibacillary (SLPB) leprosy is a distinct clinical presentation of Hansen’s disease characterized by a solitary skin lesion with no detectable bacilli on slit-skin smear microscopy. As a subset of paucibacillary leprosy, it falls under the World Health Organization’s (WHO) classification used for simplified treatment and control. This form is most often associated with
Simple-partial epilepsy, also known as focal aware seizures, is a form of epilepsy where seizures originate in a specific area of the brain and do not impair consciousness. Individuals remain fully alert during the episode, which typically lasts a few seconds to minutes. These seizures are among the most localized forms of epilepsy and can
Sideroblastic anemia is a heterogeneous group of blood disorders characterized by the bone marrow’s inability to properly incorporate iron into hemoglobin despite adequate or increased iron stores. This results in the accumulation of iron within the mitochondria of erythroid precursors, forming ring sideroblasts—a hallmark feature identifiable through bone marrow examination. Pathophysiology: The Mechanism of Iron
Sickle cell disease (SCD) with crisis represents the acute, life-threatening episodes that occur in individuals with SCD, often requiring urgent medical intervention. These crises are primarily caused by vascular occlusion due to abnormally shaped red blood cells obstructing blood flow. The two most severe forms are vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) and acute chest syndrome (ACS), though
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of inherited red blood cell disorders caused by a mutation in the HBB gene leading to the production of abnormal hemoglobin known as hemoglobin S. This mutation causes red blood cells to assume a rigid, sickle-like shape, impairing their ability to transport oxygen efficiently and leading to recurrent