Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a chronic, often irreversible neurological condition characterized by involuntary, repetitive movements. These movements typically affect the face, lips, tongue, trunk, and limbs. TD is most frequently associated with long-term use of dopamine receptor-blocking agents, particularly antipsychotic medications used to treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other psychiatric conditions. Causes and Risk Factors
Taenia infection, clinically referred to as taeniasis, is a parasitic disease caused by the ingestion of Taenia species, primarily Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) and Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm). Infections occur globally, with higher prevalence in regions where sanitation is poor and raw or undercooked meat consumption is common. While often asymptomatic, Taenia infections can lead
The T3 suppression test is a specialized diagnostic tool employed in the evaluation of thyroid gland functionality, particularly in distinguishing between autonomous thyroid activity and normal regulatory function. This test assesses the pituitary-thyroid axis by observing the thyroid’s response to exogenous triiodothyronine (T3) administration. Traditionally used in differentiating thyroid nodules or confirming subclinical hyperthyroidism, the
T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) is a rare, aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by the malignant proliferation of immature T-cell precursors. Closely related to T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), T-LBL is distinguished by its predominant involvement of nodal and extranodal tissues, particularly the mediastinum, without significant bone marrow infiltration at the time of diagnosis. Representing approximately 2%
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a rare and aggressive subtype of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, primarily originating from immature T lymphocytes. Representing approximately 15% of pediatric and 25% of adult ALL cases, T-ALL progresses rapidly and demands immediate medical intervention. This hematologic malignancy often involves the bone marrow, blood, thymus, and, in advanced stages, other
Systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA) is a rare and severe form of juvenile arthritis that primarily affects children under the age of 16. Unlike other types of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), SJIA is characterized by systemic inflammation, meaning it can affect not only the joints but also other organs and systems of the body. This
Systemic sclerosis (SSc), commonly known as scleroderma, is an autoimmune disease characterized by the hardening and tightening of the skin and connective tissues. However, one of the most significant and potentially life-threatening complications of systemic sclerosis is systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease (SS-ILD). This condition occurs when fibrosis, or scarring, develops in the lungs, leading
Systemic mastocytosis with associated hematological neoplasm (SM-AHN) is a rare and complex condition where the proliferation of mast cells, typically observed in systemic mastocytosis (SM), occurs alongside a hematological neoplasm, such as leukemia or myelodysplastic syndromes. The coexistence of these two conditions leads to an intricate pathophysiology that requires careful diagnosis and management. This variant
Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a rare and complex condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation and proliferation of mast cells in various tissues throughout the body, leading to a wide range of symptoms. These mast cells, typically involved in allergic reactions, become dysfunctional in SM, resulting in excessive release of histamine and other mediators that trigger
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex and chronic autoimmune disorder that can affect multiple organ systems, including the skin, kidneys, joints, heart, and lungs. It occurs when the immune system, which is designed to protect the body from foreign invaders, mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues and organs. SLE is more common in women,