Tinea capitis is a contagious dermatophytic fungal infection of the scalp and hair shafts, primarily affecting children but occasionally seen in adults. It is caused by various species of Trichophyton and Microsporum and spreads through direct human-to-human, animal-to-human, or fomite transmission. Clinically, it manifests in various forms ranging from non-inflammatory scaly patches to severe inflammatory
Tinea barbae is a dermatophyte infection affecting the bearded regions of the face and neck. Predominantly seen in adult men, it is caused by a group of fungi known as dermatophytes, particularly species of Trichophyton and Microsporum. This condition often results from contact with infected animals or contaminated tools and surfaces. It presents in two
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a potentially severe viral infection of the central nervous system transmitted primarily through the bite of infected ticks, particularly of the Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus species. TBE is endemic in parts of Europe and Asia, with increasing incidence linked to changing climate patterns and rising outdoor recreational activities. The TBE
Thyrotoxicosis crisis, also known as thyroid storm, is an acute, life-threatening condition characterized by an extreme surge in thyroid hormone activity. It represents the most severe form of thyrotoxicosis and requires immediate medical intervention. Often precipitated by stressors in patients with untreated or inadequately managed hyperthyroidism, this endocrine emergency can lead to multiorgan dysfunction and
Thyrotoxicosis is a clinical state resulting from elevated levels of circulating thyroid hormones—thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)—regardless of their source. Unlike hyperthyroidism, which implies increased synthesis of thyroid hormones, thyrotoxicosis encompasses both endogenous overproduction and exogenous sources, including medication overuse and thyroiditis. Classification of Thyrotoxicosis by Etiology Thyrotoxicosis is classified based on the origin of
Thyroiditis refers to the inflammation of the thyroid gland, a butterfly-shaped endocrine organ located in the front of the neck. This condition encompasses a spectrum of disorders characterized by various causes, clinical manifestations, and outcomes. While some forms of thyroiditis resolve spontaneously, others may progress to chronic thyroid dysfunction, requiring long-term management. Classification of Thyroiditis:
Thyroid surgery, or thyroidectomy, involves the partial or complete removal of the thyroid gland. It is performed to treat a range of conditions including thyroid nodules, hyperthyroidism, goiter, and thyroid cancer. The decision to undergo surgery depends on the nature of the thyroid disorder, its progression, and associated symptoms. Common Indications for Thyroid Surgery Types
The thyroid gland is among the most radiation-sensitive organs in the human body. Even low doses of ionizing radiation can disrupt its function or increase the risk of thyroid malignancies, especially in children and young adults. With increasing exposure from medical imaging, nuclear incidents, and occupational hazards, it is essential to implement robust thyroid radiation
Thyroid Eye Disease (TED), also referred to as thyroid orbitopathy or Graves’ orbitopathy, is an autoimmune inflammatory condition affecting the tissues around the eyes. Commonly associated with hyperthyroidism, particularly Graves’ disease, TED may also occur in euthyroid or hypothyroid individuals. This disorder can lead to significant ocular discomfort, vision impairment, and disfigurement if left untreated.
Thyroid carcinoma refers to a malignant tumor arising from the epithelial cells of the thyroid gland. As the most common endocrine malignancy, thyroid cancer has shown a rising incidence globally. While most thyroid carcinomas are indolent and highly treatable, certain aggressive subtypes present significant clinical challenges. Early detection, accurate classification, and a multidisciplinary approach are