Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils, the two lymphoid tissues located at the back of the throat. It is commonly caused by viral or bacterial infections and is especially prevalent among children, though adults may also be affected. While most cases are self-limiting, recurrent or severe episodes may require medical or surgical intervention. Key
Tonic-clonic epilepsy, a form of generalized epilepsy, often requires adjunctive treatment approaches when first-line monotherapy fails to provide adequate seizure control. Adjunctive therapy refers to **additional interventions—pharmacologic or non-pharmacologic—**that enhance the primary treatment’s effectiveness, reduce seizure frequency, or improve quality of life in patients with drug-resistant or complex seizure profiles. Indications for Adjunctive Treatment in
Tonic-clonic epilepsy, formerly referred to as grand mal epilepsy, is a type of generalized seizure disorder characterized by sudden loss of consciousness, violent muscle contractions, and convulsions. These seizures affect both hemispheres of the brain simultaneously and are considered one of the most recognizable forms of epilepsy. The condition can occur at any age and
Toenail onychomycosis is a common and persistent fungal infection of the nail unit, primarily caused by dermatophytes, but also by yeasts and non-dermatophyte molds. It represents approximately 50% of all nail disorders and is frequently associated with thickened, discolored, and brittle toenails. Though often regarded as cosmetic, onychomycosis can lead to discomfort, pain, and secondary
TNF receptor-associated periodic fever syndrome (TRAPS) is a rare hereditary autoinflammatory disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of fever, systemic inflammation, and various other symptoms affecting the skin, eyes, muscles, and joints. It is associated with mutations in the TNFRSF1A gene, which encodes the tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1)—a critical component of the immune system’s
Tinea versicolor, also known as pityriasis versicolor, is a chronic superficial fungal infection of the skin caused by the Malassezia species—a lipophilic yeast that is part of the normal skin flora. This condition leads to discolored patches on the skin, often resulting in cosmetic concerns, especially in individuals with darker skin tones or during warmer
Tinea pedis, commonly known as athlete’s foot, is a contagious fungal infection affecting the feet, particularly the interdigital spaces, soles, and sides. It is one of the most prevalent dermatophytoses worldwide, caused by fungi that thrive in warm, moist environments. Despite being treatable, it often recurs without proper management and hygiene. Etiology: What Causes Tinea
Tinea manuum is a superficial dermatophyte infection that affects the palms, fingers, and interdigital spaces of the hands. Often referred to as ringworm of the hand, this condition results from dermatophyte fungi and can appear unilaterally, commonly affecting the dominant hand. It is frequently associated with concurrent infections like tinea pedis (athlete’s foot) or onychomycosis
Tinea cruris, commonly known as jock itch, is a superficial fungal infection affecting the groin, inner thighs, and buttocks. Caused by dermatophyte fungi, this infection thrives in warm, moist environments and is particularly prevalent among men, athletes, and individuals living in tropical climates. It is highly contagious and can significantly impact quality of life if
Tinea corporis is a superficial dermatophyte infection of the glabrous (non-hairy) skin, excluding the scalp, groin, palms, and soles. Commonly known as ringworm of the body, this condition is characterized by annular, erythematous, and scaly plaques that typically expand outward. It is highly contagious and affects individuals of all age groups globally. Etiology: Understanding the