Total parenteral nutrition (TPN), while essential in patients unable to meet nutritional needs enterally, carries the risk of hepatic complications, most notably TPN-associated cholestasis. This condition, particularly prevalent among neonates and critically ill patients, involves impaired bile flow, leading to hepatobiliary dysfunction. Early recognition and proactive management are vital to reducing the incidence and long-term
Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii, a protozoan capable of infecting most warm-blooded animals, including humans. Although infections are frequently asymptomatic in healthy individuals, toxoplasmosis poses significant health threats to pregnant women and immunocompromised patients. Preventive measures play a pivotal role in limiting transmission and safeguarding public health, particularly in high-risk groups.
Toxoplasmosis is an infectious disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii, a protozoan parasite of global concern. This pathogen affects both humans and warm-blooded animals and is primarily transmitted through ingestion of oocysts or tissue cysts. While the majority of infected individuals remain asymptomatic, toxoplasmosis poses severe risks to immunocompromised individuals and fetuses when transmitted during pregnancy.
Toxocariasis is a parasitic infection caused by the larvae of Toxocara species, primarily Toxocara canis (from dogs) and Toxocara cati (from cats). It is a zoonotic disease that affects humans when infective eggs are accidentally ingested. Although often asymptomatic, the condition can lead to significant complications in certain individuals, particularly children and those with compromised
Phenobarbital is a long-acting barbiturate widely used in the treatment of epilepsy, status epilepticus, and certain withdrawal syndromes. It exerts its effect by enhancing the inhibitory actions of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at GABA-A receptors, promoting sedation, anticonvulsant activity, and hypnosis. Phenobarbital is favored for its effectiveness and long half-life, which allows for once-daily dosing. However,
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) is a rare, life-threatening skin disorder characterized by widespread detachment of the epidermis from the dermis. TEN is primarily a drug-induced condition, but can also result from infections or other medical conditions. This condition often presents with a rapid progression of erythematous skin lesions that evolve into blistering and sloughing of
Torsades de Pointes (TdP), a French term meaning “twisting of the points,” is a distinctive form of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) associated with a prolonged QT interval on electrocardiogram (ECG). This arrhythmia is characterized by rapid, irregular QRS complexes that appear to twist around the isoelectric line and can progress to ventricular fibrillation, leading to
Toothache, also known as odontalgia, is one of the most common forms of oral pain affecting individuals of all ages. It ranges from mild discomfort to intense, debilitating pain and can significantly impact one’s daily function. A toothache typically signals an underlying dental issue that requires prompt evaluation and treatment. Primary Causes of Toothache Tooth
Tonsillitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, a Group A β-hemolytic streptococcus (GAS), remains one of the most prevalent bacterial causes of acute pharyngotonsillitis. This gram-positive coccus is transmitted via respiratory droplets and exhibits high infectivity, particularly in crowded environments and among children aged 5–15 years. Upon colonization, it adheres to epithelial cells of the oropharynx using
Haemophilus influenzae is a Gram-negative coccobacillus commonly found in the upper respiratory tract. Though traditionally associated with pneumonia and meningitis, it can also colonize the oropharynx and cause tonsillopharyngitis, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, young children, and those with underlying respiratory conditions. Among its various serotypes, type b (Hib) is historically the most virulent. However, non-typeable