Traveler’s diarrhea is the most common illness among international travelers, particularly those visiting regions with limited access to clean water and food sanitation. Among its many bacterial causes, noninvasive strains of Escherichia coli—primarily Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)—are the leading pathogens. These organisms cause secretory diarrhea without penetrating the intestinal mucosa,
Traveler’s diarrhea (TD) is the most common illness affecting international travelers, particularly those visiting low- and middle-income countries. It is typically caused by ingesting contaminated food or water and leads to acute gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and sometimes fever and vomiting. While most cases are self-limiting, untreated severe episodes can result in
Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as Group A Streptococcus (GAS), is a gram-positive, beta-hemolytic bacterium responsible for a spectrum of infections. Among these, traumatic skin lesion S. pyogenes infections are particularly concerning due to the organism’s aggressive nature and potential to invade deep tissues. Following skin trauma — including lacerations, abrasions, puncture wounds, or surgical incisions
Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) remains the gold standard surgical intervention for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Despite its efficacy, infection prevention in TURP procedures is critical, as urinary tract infections (UTIs), bacteremia, and postoperative sepsis represent significant complications. A structured infection control strategy across all phases—preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative—can substantially reduce morbidity and improve
Transthyretin-related amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) is a progressive, life-threatening form of cardiac amyloidosis caused by the deposition of misfolded transthyretin (TTR) protein in the myocardium. This condition leads to restrictive cardiomyopathy, diastolic heart failure, and ultimately, significant morbidity and mortality if left untreated. ATTR-CM can occur in two main forms: Pathogenesis and Molecular Mechanism TTR is
Transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy (TTR-FAP) is a rare, autosomal dominant, adult-onset neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in the TTR (transthyretin) gene. The disease is characterized by progressive peripheral and autonomic neuropathy due to extracellular deposition of amyloid fibrils derived from misfolded TTR proteins. TTR-FAP is a form of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (hATTR), typically involving the
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), also known as urothelial carcinoma, is the most prevalent type of cancer affecting the urinary tract. Originating in the urothelium—the specialized epithelial lining of the bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis—TCC accounts for over 90% of bladder cancers and a significant proportion of upper urinary tract malignancies. This malignancy demonstrates variable behavior,
Transient cerebral ischemia, commonly known as a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or mini-stroke, represents a temporary disruption in the blood supply to the brain. While symptoms typically resolve within minutes to hours, the episode serves as a crucial warning sign of a potential full-blown stroke. Early recognition, prompt evaluation, and targeted management can significantly reduce
Transfusion reaction urticaria, commonly classified as a mild allergic transfusion reaction, manifests as an acute hypersensitivity response during or shortly after the administration of blood products. It is predominantly characterized by pruritic wheals (hives) and erythema, often without systemic complications. Although generally benign, prompt identification and management are essential to ensure patient safety and to
Trachoma is a highly contagious, chronic eye infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. It is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. This condition, classified as a neglected tropical disease (NTD), primarily affects populations living in impoverished, overcrowded areas with limited access to clean water and sanitation. The disease is both preventable and treatable,