Trimethoprim, often combined with sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), is a widely prescribed antibiotic used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. While generally well tolerated, trimethoprim can lead to serious and potentially life-threatening toxicity in certain individuals, particularly those with renal impairment, elderly patients, or those on
Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a chronic pain disorder characterized by sudden, severe, electric shock-like pain affecting the face. The pain typically follows the distribution of the trigeminal nerve, which is responsible for sensory function in the facial region. Trigeminal neuralgia significantly impairs quality of life and demands a structured diagnostic and therapeutic approach to ensure
Tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) overdose represents a serious medical emergency due to its narrow therapeutic index and significant cardiotoxic and neurotoxic effects. Prompt recognition and evidence-based intervention are vital to improve survival and reduce complications. TCAs, commonly prescribed for depression, neuropathic pain, and insomnia, include drugs such as amitriptyline, nortriptyline, imipramine, and doxepin. Pathophysiology of Tricyclic
Trichuriasis, also known as whipworm infection, is a significant soil-transmitted helminthic disease caused by Trichuris trichiura. This parasitic nematode inhabits the human large intestine, particularly the cecum and ascending colon. With hundreds of millions affected globally, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas, trichuriasis poses a considerable burden on public health, especially among children. Understanding Trichuris
Trichostrongyliasis is a zoonotic parasitic infection caused by nematodes of the genus Trichostrongylus, primarily affecting the gastrointestinal tract. This soil-transmitted helminthiasis is prevalent in regions where humans live in close contact with herbivorous animals, resulting in significant public health concern due to its morbidity and diagnostic challenges. A detailed understanding of its epidemiology, clinical manifestations,
Trichomoniasis is a widespread sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. This flagellated protozoan primarily infects the urogenital tract, leading to symptoms that can range from mild to severe or remain asymptomatic, complicating timely diagnosis and treatment. Understanding the disease’s epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic protocols, and management strategies is essential for
Trichinosis, also known as trichinellosis, is a zoonotic parasitic infection caused by nematodes of the genus Trichinella. It predominantly arises from the consumption of undercooked or raw meat infected with Trichinella larvae, most commonly pork or wild game. The disease poses a significant public health concern worldwide, especially in regions where meat inspection and cooking
Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) presents a significant clinical challenge within psychiatric care. Defined as the persistence of psychotic symptoms despite adequate trials of at least two antipsychotic medications, TRS affects approximately 20-30% of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. Its complex pathophysiology and heterogeneous clinical presentation demand a nuanced and multidisciplinary therapeutic approach. Defining Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Diagnostic Criteria
Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Managing its progression requires a multifaceted strategy involving pharmacologic therapy, lifestyle modification, dietary intervention, and sometimes procedural or surgical approaches. By employing evidence-based treatments, we can significantly reduce the burden of atherosclerotic plaque buildup and prevent acute coronary events. Understanding the Progression of Coronary
Mydriasis, the abnormal dilation of the pupil, often results from the pharmacologic action of ophthalmic agents, particularly adrenergic agonists and anticholinergic compounds. These agents are commonly used in ophthalmology for diagnostic procedures, such as fundus examinations and intraocular pressure assessments. However, prolonged or unintended mydriasis may interfere with visual acuity, induce photophobia, or complicate ocular