Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that results in the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to absolute insulin deficiency. Unlike type 2 diabetes, T1DM typically presents early in life, although adult onset is also possible. Early diagnosis and precise management are crucial to preventing acute complications and long-term organ damage.
Management of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has traditionally relied on exogenous insulin replacement. However, despite intensive insulin therapy and technological advancements, many individuals still fail to achieve optimal glycemic control. Adjunctive therapies are increasingly being explored to complement insulin, aiming to reduce glucose variability, improve HbA1c, minimize insulin requirements, and address comorbidities. This article
Tumor mutational burden-high (TMB-H) solid malignant tumors represent a critical biomarker category in oncology, offering actionable insights into immunotherapy response prediction and patient stratification. Defined by an elevated number of somatic mutations per megabase (mut/Mb), TMB-H has emerged as a valuable indicator for the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors, particularly in treatment-refractory malignancies. Defining Tumor
Tularemia, also known as “rabbit fever,” is a rare but serious zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. It affects both animals and humans and is primarily transmitted through contact with infected animals or vectors such as ticks and deer flies. Due to its potential severity and transmission routes, tularemia remains a critical concern
Tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) is a serious complication of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), characterized by the formation of an inflammatory mass involving the fallopian tube, ovary, and adjacent pelvic organs. Most commonly occurring in reproductive-aged women, TOA presents significant morbidity and can result in long-term reproductive and systemic complications if not managed promptly. Pathophysiology and Causes
Tuberculosis (TB) prophylaxis represents a critical component of global TB control strategies. It involves targeted interventions to prevent latent TB infection (LTBI) from progressing to active disease or to protect uninfected individuals from acquiring Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). This is particularly vital among high-risk groups such as immunocompromised individuals, close contacts of infectious TB cases,
Tuberculosis meningitis (TBM) is the most severe manifestation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, with high mortality and neurological morbidity. While standard antitubercular therapy (ATT) forms the cornerstone of treatment, adjunctive interventions are essential to modulate inflammation, reduce complications, and improve neurological outcomes. Adjunct therapies in TBM encompass pharmacological agents such as corticosteroids, immunomodulatory treatments, and surgical management
Tuberculosis meningitis (TBM), also known as tuberculous meningitis, is the most severe form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, involving inflammation of the meninges due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TBM presents significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges and is associated with high morbidity and mortality, especially in resource-limited settings. Pathogenesis of TB Meningitis Tuberculosis meningitis develops as a complication of
Tropical sprue is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder primarily affecting individuals residing in or traveling to tropical regions. It is characterized by malabsorption of nutrients due to abnormalities in the small intestine’s mucosal lining. The condition mimics celiac disease but is unrelated to gluten sensitivity and instead associated with an unidentified infectious etiology. Epidemiology and Geographic
Trimetrexate, a potent dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor, is an antimetabolite chemotherapeutic agent primarily used in the treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) in immunocompromised patients, particularly those with HIV/AIDS. It has also been explored in various cancers including colorectal carcinoma and lymphomas. Despite its therapeutic potential, trimetrexate is associated with significant toxicity risks. This article