Streptococcus pneumoniae, commonly known as pneumococcus, remains a leading cause of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), particularly in vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Although frequently carried asymptomatically, this pathogen has the capacity to cause a spectrum of diseases, from mild sinusitis to severe pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD).
Neisseria meningitidis is a Gram-negative diplococcus recognized for its role in invasive meningococcal disease. However, it also colonizes the nasopharynx asymptomatically or causes upper respiratory infections (URIs), which serve as a precursor reservoir for more serious systemic illness. This article outlines the pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of URIs caused by N. meningitidis, with an
Haemophilus influenzae is a significant bacterial pathogen associated with upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), particularly in children and immunocompromised individuals. While viral agents account for most URTIs, bacterial infections caused by H. influenzae are notable for their potential to progress rapidly and cause complications. Understanding the mechanisms, clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and therapeutic options is
Upper respiratory infection (URI), also known as an upper respiratory tract infection, encompasses a group of illnesses affecting the nose, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx. URIs are among the most frequent reasons for healthcare visits globally, significantly impacting productivity and quality of life. A clear understanding of the etiology, clinical manifestations, treatment options, and preventive measures
Upper limb spasticity is a neurological condition marked by increased muscle tone, exaggerated tendon reflexes, and impaired voluntary control of movement, primarily affecting the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and hand. Most frequently associated with upper motor neuron lesions, it presents significant functional, psychological, and caregiving challenges. Comprehensive evaluation and individualized treatment are critical to restoring mobility
Upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is a potentially life-threatening condition that originates proximal to the ligament of Treitz, encompassing bleeding from the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum. Prompt recognition, risk stratification, and targeted intervention are imperative to reduce morbidity, mortality, and recurrence. Etiology and Common Causes of Upper GI Bleed The etiology of upper GI bleeding varies
Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) is a widely practiced interventional procedure for revascularizing stenosed coronary arteries. However, the occurrence of unstable angina pectoris during PTCA presents a significant clinical challenge, often signaling acute myocardial ischemia, vessel spasm, or procedural complications such as thrombus formation or dissection. Recognizing and managing this phenomenon in real-time is essential
Unstable angina pectoris is a life-threatening condition characterized by unexpected chest pain due to inadequate blood flow to the heart muscle. Unlike stable angina, which occurs predictably with exertion, unstable angina can manifest at rest or with minimal exertion, signifying a high risk of myocardial infarction (heart attack). Prompt identification and management are essential to
Unresectable or metastatic KIT (CD117) positive gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) represent a distinct subset of mesenchymal neoplasms that originate primarily in the gastrointestinal tract. These tumors are characterized by activating mutations in the KIT gene, which encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase that drives tumor proliferation. The advent of targeted therapies has transformed the management of
Unresectable hepatic metastatic uveal melanoma (UM) presents a formidable clinical challenge due to its aggressive nature, poor prognosis, and limited systemic therapy responsiveness. Uveal melanoma, the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults, frequently metastasizes to the liver. When surgical resection is not feasible, a multidisciplinary approach becomes essential to prolong survival and improve quality