Urinary retention is a urological condition characterized by the inability to empty the bladder completely or at all, despite the urge to urinate. It is classified into two main types: acute urinary retention, which presents suddenly and is a medical emergency, and chronic urinary retention, which develops gradually and may remain undetected for a prolonged
Detrusor overactivity is a urodynamic condition characterized by involuntary contractions of the detrusor muscle during the bladder filling phase. These contractions can lead to urinary urgency, frequency, nocturia, and urge urinary incontinence. As one of the primary causes of overactive bladder (OAB), detrusor overactivity significantly impairs quality of life and affects both men and women,
Urinary incontinence (UI) refers to the involuntary leakage of urine, a condition that affects millions of individuals globally, particularly women and older adults. While it may seem like an unavoidable consequence of aging or childbirth, UI is a treatable medical condition with a wide range of management strategies. Understanding the different forms and underlying causes
Urethritis refers to the inflammation of the urethra, the thin tube responsible for transporting urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. This condition can affect individuals of any gender or age and is commonly caused by infections, irritants, or trauma. Urethritis is categorized into gonococcal urethritis (caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae) and non-gonococcal
Ureteral spasm with pain represents a significant urological symptom complex, often misinterpreted or overshadowed by more commonly recognized conditions such as renal colic. Characterized by sudden, sharp, and often debilitating flank or lower abdominal pain, these spasms result from involuntary contractions of the ureteral smooth muscle, frequently triggered by obstruction, irritation, or trauma within the
Uremic bleeding tendency is a well-recognized hemorrhagic disorder observed in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) or end-stage renal disease (ESRD). It is primarily attributed to qualitative platelet dysfunction, with normal platelet counts yet significantly impaired platelet adhesion and aggregation. Understanding the multifactorial pathophysiology and clinical implications of this condition is critical to prevent
Ureaplasma urealyticum infection is a sexually transmitted, opportunistic infection caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum, a species of the Mycoplasmataceae family. This microorganism lacks a cell wall, making it resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics and invisible on standard Gram stain. While often asymptomatic in healthy individuals, it can cause severe genitourinary and systemic complications in both men and
Ureaplasma pneumonia represents an uncommon yet clinically significant respiratory infection primarily caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum or Ureaplasma parvum. These organisms, members of the Mycoplasmataceae family, are atypical bacteria that lack a cell wall, leading to unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Though commonly colonizing the urogenital tract, Ureaplasma species can invade the lower respiratory tract, particularly
Urate renal calculi, commonly referred to as uric acid kidney stones, are crystalline deposits formed within the renal system due to elevated uric acid concentration in the urine. These stones are typically radiolucent, acid-soluble, and frequently associated with persistently acidic urinary pH, hyperuricemia, and increased purine metabolism. Effective management of urate calculi involves precise diagnosis,
Upper respiratory streptococcal infection, primarily caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus or GAS), remains a significant contributor to global morbidity. This infection often presents as streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) but may also involve the tonsils, sinuses, and middle ear. If not adequately treated, it may progress to severe complications, including rheumatic fever and post-streptococcal