Anal cancer is a relatively rare yet increasingly prevalent malignancy, with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection recognized as the primary etiological factor. Over 90% of anal cancer cases are associated with persistent infection by high-risk HPV types, particularly HPV-16 and HPV-18. The virus infects the squamous epithelium of the anal canal, where it may induce cellular
Uveitis refers to inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye, comprising the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. It plays a vital role in nourishing the retina and regulating light entry. Uveitis may also involve adjacent structures such as the retina, vitreous, and optic nerve, making early diagnosis and prompt treatment critical to
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults, originating from melanocytes within the uveal tract, which includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. Despite successful local tumor control in over 90% of cases through radiation or surgical resection, up to 50% of patients eventually develop metastases, primarily to the liver. Prognosis
Urticaria, commonly known as hives, is a dermatological condition marked by transient, pruritic wheals or swellings on the skin due to plasma leakage from small blood vessels. These eruptions are typically red or skin-colored and often accompanied by intense itching. Globally, urticaria affects approximately 20% of individuals at some point in their lives. It is
Urolithiasis, commonly referred to as urinary stone disease, denotes the formation of calculi (stones) within the urinary tract, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra. These stones form due to supersaturation of minerals and salts, leading to crystallization and aggregation. It remains a globally prevalent urological disorder with significant recurrence rates and clinical burden. Classification
Urine alkalinization refers to the therapeutic process of increasing urinary pH above 6.5, often through dietary adjustments, medications, or supplements. This intervention plays a vital role in managing various medical conditions including uric acid nephrolithiasis, certain urinary tract infections, and improving drug excretion. The manipulation of urinary pH provides clinicians with a non-invasive strategy to
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common clinical concern affecting millions globally. While antibiotics remain the primary mode of treatment, growing antibiotic resistance underscores the need for effective adjunctive therapies. Urine acidification, a strategy aimed at lowering urinary pH, has emerged as a promising adjunctive measure in managing recurrent and resistant UTIs. Understanding Urine Acidification:
Urinary urgency is defined as a sudden, compelling urge to urinate that is difficult to defer. It is a core symptom of overactive bladder (OAB) and can significantly impact quality of life. This symptom may occur alone or alongside increased frequency, nocturia, and urge incontinence. Unlike simple frequent urination due to hydration or diuretics, urinary
Urinary urge incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine associated with a sudden and intense urge to urinate. It is a symptom of overactive bladder (OAB) and affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults and women. Unlike stress incontinence, which occurs due to physical pressure on the bladder (e.g., coughing or sneezing), urge incontinence arises from
Urinary tract irritation refers to inflammation or sensitivity affecting parts of the urinary system, including the urethra, bladder, and surrounding tissues. This condition often manifests as discomfort, urgency, or burning during urination. It is a common complaint and can stem from infections, chemical exposures, underlying urological conditions, or systemic disorders. The symptoms may mimic those