Vasomotor rhinitis is a chronic, nonallergic condition characterized by nasal congestion, runny nose, sneezing, and postnasal drip without an identifiable allergic cause. Unlike allergic rhinitis, which is triggered by allergens such as pollen or dust mites, vasomotor rhinitis arises due to imbalances in the autonomic nervous system that affect blood vessels in the nasal mucosa.
Vasculitis refers to a group of rare disorders characterized by inflammation of blood vessels, including arteries, veins, and capillaries. This inflammation leads to changes in vessel walls—thickening, weakening, narrowing, or scarring—which can restrict blood flow and damage vital tissues and organs. The severity of vasculitis ranges from mild and self-limiting to life-threatening, depending on the
Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer’s disease, resulting from impaired blood flow to the brain. The condition arises due to damage in cerebral vessels, typically from strokes or small vessel disease, which compromises oxygen and nutrient delivery to brain tissue. The resulting neuronal injury leads to cognitive decline, memory
Vascular access thrombosis is a significant complication in patients undergoing hemodialysis. It involves the formation of a blood clot within the vascular access site, such as an arteriovenous (AV) fistula, AV graft, or central venous catheter. The condition is a leading cause of vascular access failure, contributing to increased morbidity, hospitalization rates, and health care
Variegate porphyria (VP) is a rare genetic disorder that affects heme biosynthesis—the process responsible for producing heme, an essential component of hemoglobin. Caused by mutations in the PPOX gene, this autosomal dominant condition leads to the accumulation of porphyrin precursors in the body, triggering both neurovisceral and cutaneous symptoms. VP is one of the hepatic
Varicose veins are enlarged, twisted veins that typically appear on the legs and feet due to weakened or damaged vein valves. These dysfunctional valves lead to chronic venous insufficiency, where blood pools in the veins rather than returning efficiently to the heart. While often perceived as a cosmetic issue, varicose veins may cause discomfort, pain,
Varicella, commonly known as chickenpox, is a highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Though often self-limiting in children, varicella can result in severe complications such as bacterial superinfections, pneumonia, and encephalitis, particularly in immunocompromised individuals and adults. The introduction of the varicella vaccination has dramatically reduced incidence, morbidity, and mortality associated with
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) is an opportunistic, multidrug-resistant pathogen and a major cause of nosocomial infections. It poses a significant challenge in healthcare settings due to its ability to colonize, persist in the environment, and resist first-line antimicrobial agents. Infections range from asymptomatic colonization to life-threatening conditions such as bacteremia, urinary tract infections, endocarditis, and
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) represents a formidable nosocomial pathogen, responsible for a growing number of bloodstream infections worldwide. These infections predominantly affect immunocompromised patients, individuals with prolonged hospital stays, and those exposed to broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy. Due to limited therapeutic options, high transmission potential, and increased morbidity and mortality, VRE bacteremia has emerged as a
Vaginal hysterectomy is a minimally invasive procedure preferred for treating benign gynecological conditions such as fibroids, uterine prolapse, and abnormal bleeding. Despite its advantages—reduced recovery time, minimal scarring, and shorter hospital stays—this surgery carries a risk of post-operative infections, including surgical site infections (SSIs), vaginal cuff cellulitis, and pelvic abscesses. Implementing a thorough, protocol-driven infection