Vernal conjunctivitis, also known as vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), is a recurrent, bilateral, and chronic allergic eye disorder predominantly affecting children and adolescents. It is most common in warm, dry climates and tends to intensify in the spring and summer, hence the term “vernal.” VKC is a severe form of allergic conjunctivitis characterized by conjunctival inflammation
Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a potentially life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia originating from the ventricles, defined by a heart rate exceeding 100 beats per minute and typically presenting with three or more consecutive ventricular beats. Its prompt identification and management are critical, especially in structurally abnormal hearts. Types of Ventricular Tachycardia Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia This form displays
Atrial fibrillation (AFib) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice. In patients with AFib, controlling the ventricular rate is a fundamental therapeutic goal aimed at alleviating symptoms, preventing tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy, and improving overall cardiovascular outcomes. Ventricular rate control refers to the regulation of the rapid and irregular ventricular response that characterizes
Ventricular premature beats (VPBs), also referred to as premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), are early depolarizations originating in the ventricles. They disrupt the normal rhythm of the heart by causing an extra, abnormal beat before the regular heartbeat resumes. While often benign, frequent VPBs may signify underlying cardiac pathology and can predispose to more serious arrhythmias
Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia characterized by chaotic electrical activity in the ventricles, resulting in the cessation of effective cardiac output. As the most common cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD), VF requires immediate recognition and defibrillation to prevent irreversible brain damage or death. The disorganized impulses prevent the heart from pumping
Ventricular arrhythmias are potentially life-threatening cardiac rhythm disturbances originating from the ventricles. They range from benign premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) to lethal ventricular fibrillation (VF). These arrhythmias disrupt the heart’s ability to pump effectively, often resulting in hemodynamic instability, syncope, or sudden cardiac death (SCD). Pathophysiology of Ventricular Arrhythmias Abnormal ventricular rhythms are caused by
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) due to Acinetobacter species, particularly Acinetobacter baumannii, presents a formidable challenge in critical care settings. Known for its ability to colonize the respiratory tract and persist on hospital surfaces, Acinetobacter is a significant cause of nosocomial infections, especially in patients undergoing prolonged mechanical ventilation. Its multidrug-resistant (MDR) profile further complicates treatment strategies
Ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (VABP) is a serious and potentially life-threatening infection that occurs in patients receiving mechanical ventilation for at least 48 hours. As a subtype of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), VABP significantly contributes to morbidity, mortality, prolonged intensive care unit (ICU) stays, and increased healthcare costs. Pathogenesis and Risk Factors of VABP VABP develops when
Venous thrombosis refers to the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) within a vein. This condition can obstruct normal blood flow, leading to swelling, pain, and in severe cases, life-threatening complications such as pulmonary embolism (PE). The most common type is deep vein thrombosis (DVT), usually affecting the deep veins of the legs. Pathophysiology of
Vasomotor symptoms (VMS), most commonly experienced as hot flashes and night sweats, are hallmark signs of the menopausal transition. These symptoms stem from hormonal changes, primarily the declining levels of estrogen, which disrupt the body’s thermoregulation. VMS affect approximately 75% of menopausal women, with varying intensity and duration. For some, these symptoms are mild and