Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a major public health issue, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This fat-soluble vitamin is essential for maintaining healthy vision, supporting immune function, and facilitating proper cellular communication. Insufficient intake or absorption leads to a range of clinical conditions, most notably affecting children and pregnant women. Biological Role of Vitamin
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, is a life-threatening parasitic disease caused primarily by Leishmania donovani and transmitted through the bite of infected female Phlebotomus sandflies. It affects internal organs such as the liver, spleen, and bone marrow and is one of the most severe forms of leishmaniasis, demanding immediate medical attention. Global Epidemiology
Viral infections are caused by microscopic agents known as viruses, which invade living cells to replicate and cause disease. Unlike bacteria, viruses cannot survive or multiply outside a host organism, making them parasitic by nature. Viral infections range in severity from mild to life-threatening and can affect various systems in the human body, including the
Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). It is transmitted primarily through ingestion of contaminated food or water or direct contact with an infectious person. Although rarely fatal, hepatitis A can cause severe illness, particularly in older adults and those with pre-existing liver conditions. Understanding HAV Transmission
Vertigo is a disorienting condition characterized by the false sensation of spinning or motion. It stems primarily from dysfunction in the vestibular system, which includes the inner ear and parts of the brain responsible for balance. Contrary to common belief, vertigo is not a disease itself but rather a symptom of various underlying medical conditions.
Verruca vulgaris, commonly referred to as the common wart, is a benign skin lesion resulting from infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV), primarily types 2 and 4. These lesions are characterized by their rough, raised surface and commonly appear on the hands, fingers, knees, and other trauma-prone areas of the skin. Though non-cancerous, verruca vulgaris
Verruca plantaris, commonly referred to as plantar warts, is a type of benign skin lesion caused by infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). Unlike other warts, these appear on the sole (plantar surface) of the foot and are subject to constant pressure, which causes them to grow inward rather than outward. This inward growth often
Verruca plana, commonly referred to as flat warts, are benign epidermal proliferations caused by specific strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV types 3, 10, 28, and 49. These lesions are most prevalent in children and young adults, often appearing in clusters on the face, neck, hands, and extremities. Unlike common warts, they are
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic, bilateral, and recurrent allergic inflammatory disease primarily affecting the conjunctiva and cornea. It predominantly occurs in children and young adults, especially in males, and has a strong association with seasonal allergic responses. VKC is most prevalent in warm, dry climates and tends to exacerbate during spring and summer. Epidemiology
Vernal keratitis, a severe form of vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), represents the corneal involvement in this chronic, recurrent ocular allergic condition. Predominantly affecting children and adolescents, especially males in hot and arid climates, this disease can result in substantial visual impairment if left untreated. It is marked by persistent inflammation of the conjunctiva and cornea, leading