WHIM syndrome (Warts, Hypogammaglobulinemia, Infections, and Myelokathexis) is a rare, autosomal dominant primary immunodeficiency disorder caused primarily by gain-of-function mutations in the CXCR4 gene. It is characterized by recurrent bacterial infections, reduced levels of immunoglobulins, chronic warts due to HPV infection, and neutropenia linked to bone marrow abnormalities. The syndrome presents early in life and
Walking impairment due to multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common and often debilitating symptom that significantly impacts the independence and quality of life of individuals with MS. This condition stems from the demyelination of nerve fibers within the central nervous system, disrupting the communication between the brain and muscles that coordinate movement. Neurological Basis of
Waldenström’s Macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare, indolent type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by the excessive production of immunoglobulin M (IgM) monoclonal proteins. This blood cancer originates from abnormal B lymphocytes that evolve into lymphoplasmacytic cells. These malignant cells infiltrate the bone marrow, spleen, liver, and lymph nodes, impairing the body’s ability to produce healthy blood
Vulvovaginitis refers to the inflammation of the vulva and vagina, resulting from infections, irritants, allergens, or systemic conditions. It is a broad clinical term encompassing several etiologies and presents across all age groups—from prepubescent children to postmenopausal women. The condition remains one of the most common gynecological complaints, characterized by discomfort, abnormal discharge, odor, and
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), commonly referred to as a vaginal yeast infection, is a fungal infection of the vulva and vagina, predominantly caused by Candida albicans. It is one of the most frequent gynecological conditions, affecting up to 75% of women at least once in their lifetime. Although generally not life-threatening, VVC significantly impacts quality of
Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) represents a spectrum of precancerous lesions involving the squamous epithelium of the vulva. These changes, although non-invasive, carry the potential to progress into invasive vulvar carcinoma if left undiagnosed or untreated. The clinical relevance of VIN has grown due to its association with human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV-16, and its increasing
Von Willebrand’s disease (vWD) is the most common inherited bleeding disorder, caused by a deficiency or dysfunction of von Willebrand factor (vWF), a crucial protein involved in blood clotting. Unlike hemophilia, which primarily affects males, vWD affects both genders equally and can vary in severity from mild to life-threatening. Understanding the Role of von Willebrand
Vomiting, or emesis, is the forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth, triggered by the body’s defense mechanisms against irritants, toxins, or various diseases. While often self-limiting, vomiting can indicate underlying medical issues that require prompt diagnosis and treatment. The Physiology Behind Vomiting Vomiting is coordinated by the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata
Vitreomacular adhesion (VMA) is a pathological condition where the vitreous gel adheres abnormally to the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, central vision. While posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) is a natural part of aging, incomplete separation at the macula can lead to persistent traction and anatomical distortion, which may compromise visual
Vitreoretinal surgery, particularly pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), demands meticulous precision and clear intraoperative visualization. The transparent nature of vitreous gel, epiretinal membranes (ERMs), and internal limiting membrane (ILM) presents significant challenges during surgery. Enhancing visualization is critical for safe tissue dissection, complete removal of pathological membranes, and minimizing iatrogenic trauma. We examine key adjuncts and