Hypothyroidism, commonly referred to as an underactive thyroid, is a medical condition in which the thyroid gland fails to produce sufficient thyroid hormones. These hormones regulate metabolism, energy production, and various bodily functions. Causes of Hypothyroidism The condition may arise from various underlying factors: 1. Autoimmune Disorders 2. Iodine Deficiency Iodine is essential for thyroid … Read more
Hypotension secondary to spinal anesthesia is a common and potentially serious complication in surgical patients. Understanding the pathophysiology, risk factors, management strategies, and preventive measures is crucial for improving patient outcomes during spinal anesthesia procedures. What is Hypotension Secondary to Spinal Anesthesia? Spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension occurs when the administration of local anesthetic agents into the … Read more
Distributive shock is a life-threatening condition characterized by severe vasodilation, resulting in inadequate blood flow to organs. Hypotension is a primary symptom, requiring prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent organ failure and death. Pathophysiology of Distributive Shock Distributive shock disrupts the normal distribution of blood due to vascular dilation and increased permeability. The primary causes … Read more
Hypotension, commonly known as low blood pressure, occurs when blood pressure levels drop below 90/60 mmHg. While mild cases may not cause concern, severe hypotension can lead to shock and organ failure if left untreated. Types of Hypotension Hypotension can be classified into several types, each with distinct causes and symptoms: Causes of Hypotension Hypotension … Read more
Hypoprothrombinemia is a rare blood disorder characterized by a deficiency in prothrombin (Factor II), a protein essential for blood clotting. This condition can lead to excessive bleeding, bruising, and other complications. Hypoprothrombinemia may be congenital or acquired, and proper diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing this condition effectively. Causes of Hypoprothrombinemia Congenital Causes Acquired … Read more
Hypoplastic anemia is a rare blood disorder characterized by reduced bone marrow activity, resulting in decreased production of red blood cells. This condition can lead to severe fatigue, weakness, and compromised immune function. Causes of Hypoplastic Anemia The underlying causes of hypoplastic anemia may vary, and they can be categorized as follows: 1. Congenital Causes … Read more
Hypophosphatemia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally low levels of phosphate in the blood. Phosphate is essential for energy production, bone formation, and cellular repair. Severe hypophosphatemia can lead to serious complications, making early diagnosis and treatment crucial. Causes of Hypophosphatemia Hypophosphatemia can result from various underlying factors. The primary causes include: 1. Inadequate … Read more
Hypoparathyroidism is a rare endocrine disorder characterized by insufficient production of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands. PTH is essential for regulating calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood. When PTH levels drop abnormally low, it leads to calcium deficiency (hypocalcemia) and excess phosphorus in the body. Causes of Hypoparathyroidism Several factors can trigger … Read more
Hyponatremia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally low sodium levels in the blood. Sodium is crucial for maintaining fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle activity. When sodium concentration drops below 135 mEq/L, it can lead to significant health risks. Causes of Hyponatremia Hyponatremia can result from various factors, including: 1. Excessive Water Intake Drinking … Read more
Hypomagnesemia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally low levels of magnesium in the blood. Magnesium is crucial for numerous biochemical processes, including muscle and nerve function, bone health, and energy production. Deficiency can lead to severe complications if left untreated. Causes of Hypomagnesemia Hypomagnesemia can arise from various factors, categorized into three main groups: … Read more