Lyme disease is a bacterial infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis or Ixodes pacificus). These ticks are commonly found in wooded, grassy, and brushy areas. Prevention is essential, as Lyme disease can cause severe neurological, cardiac, and joint complications if untreated. How Ticks Transmit
Lyme disease is a bacterial infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, transmitted through the bite of infected black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis). When the infection spreads to the central nervous system (CNS), it leads to neurological Lyme disease, also known as Lyme neuroborreliosis. This condition affects the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, potentially causing severe cognitive,
Lyme disease is a tick-borne bacterial infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi and, in some cases, Borrelia mayonii. It is primarily transmitted through the bite of infected black-legged ticks, commonly known as deer ticks (Ixodes scapularis). The disease can affect multiple organs, including the skin, joints, heart, and nervous system. Causes and Transmission How Lyme Disease
Lyme carditis is a cardiac complication of Lyme disease, caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. This condition occurs when the infection spreads to the heart, leading to electrical conduction disturbances and, in severe cases, heart failure. Early recognition and prompt treatment are essential to prevent life-threatening complications. Causes and Risk Factors Lyme carditis results from
Lyme arthritis is a late-stage complication of Lyme disease, a bacterial infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi and transmitted through tick bites. It primarily affects the joints, leading to inflammation, swelling, and pain. Early detection and treatment are crucial in preventing long-term complications. Causes and Pathophysiology Lyme arthritis occurs when Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria infiltrate the joints,
A lung abscess is a localized collection of pus within the lung tissue caused by microbial infection, often resulting from aspiration pneumonia. It can lead to severe respiratory complications if not diagnosed and treated promptly. This article explores the causes, symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment options for lung abscesses. Causes of Lung Abscess Lung abscesses
Lower respiratory infections (LRIs) are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. They affect the lungs and airways, leading to conditions such as pneumonia and bronchitis. These infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi, and they pose a significant health risk, particularly to young children, the elderly, and individuals with weakened
Lower limb spasticity is a condition characterized by increased muscle tone, stiffness, and involuntary muscle contractions in the legs. It commonly occurs due to neurological disorders that disrupt normal communication between the brain and muscles. Causes of Lower Limb Spasticity Spasticity in the lower limbs often results from damage to the central nervous system. The
Low-grade upper tract urothelial cancer (UTUC) is a rare malignancy that arises in the lining of the renal pelvis and ureters. Unlike high-grade UTUC, which is aggressive and invasive, low-grade UTUC typically grows slowly and has a lower risk of metastasis. However, proper diagnosis and timely intervention are crucial to managing the disease effectively. Understanding
Low-grade gliomas (LGGs) are slow-growing primary brain tumors that arise from glial cells. Among the genetic alterations associated with LGGs, the BRAF V600E mutation is a critical factor influencing tumor behavior, prognosis, and treatment response. This article explores the pathophysiology, clinical implications, and management strategies for LGGs harboring this mutation. Understanding the BRAF V600E Mutation