Myeloid engraftment enhancement is a critical factor in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), influencing the speed and success of bone marrow recovery. Efficient engraftment reduces post-transplant complications such as graft failure, delayed immune reconstitution, and infections. Various biological, clinical, and therapeutic interventions have been developed to enhance myeloid engraftment, improving patient outcomes in allogeneic and
Myeloid blast phase Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML-BP) represents the most aggressive stage of CML. It is characterized by an excess of myeloid blasts (≥20%) in the blood or bone marrow, leading to rapid disease progression and poor prognosis. The transition from chronic phase (CP) to blast phase (BP) is often driven by additional
Myelofibrosis (MF) is a rare but serious myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) characterized by abnormal fibrotic tissue accumulation in the bone marrow. This disrupts normal blood cell production, leading to anemia, an enlarged spleen (splenomegaly), and a high risk of transformation into acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Advances in targeted therapies have improved patient outcomes, yet myelofibrosis remains
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a heterogeneous group of bone marrow disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and a risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). A subset of MDS patients carries mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1) gene, which alters cellular metabolism and contributes to leukemogenesis. Identifying and targeting the IDH1 mutation has become a
Myelodysplastic syndrome with 5q deletion (del(5q) MDS) is a distinct subtype of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) characterized by a deletion in the long arm of chromosome 5. This abnormality affects bone marrow function, leading to anemia and other hematologic abnormalities. Del(5q) MDS is often associated with a favorable prognosis compared to other MDS subtypes and responds
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a group of hematologic disorders characterized by ineffective blood cell production due to bone marrow dysfunction. This leads to cytopenias, increasing the risk of anemia, infections, and bleeding complications. MDS can progress to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in some cases, making early detection and appropriate treatment essential. Causes and Risk Factors
Mydriasis, or pupil dilation, is a critical aspect of ocular surgery, providing surgeons with an optimal view of intraocular structures. Achieving adequate mydriasis enhances surgical precision, reduces the risk of complications, and facilitates safe intraoperative maneuvers. Pharmacological agents and mechanical devices aid in maintaining stable dilation, but various challenges, such as intraoperative floppy iris syndrome
Mydriasis refers to the abnormal dilation of the pupils, often due to neurological, pharmacological, or pathological factors. Under normal conditions, the pupils dilate in response to low light or emotional stimuli. However, persistent or excessive dilation without an appropriate trigger may indicate an underlying medical condition. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for mydriasis
Mycosis fungoides (MF) is a rare type of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma that primarily affects the skin. It is classified as a cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), where malignant T-cells accumulate in the skin, causing chronic and progressive skin lesions. While the disease advances slowly, early diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing symptoms and preventing complications. Causes
Mycoplasmal pneumonia, often referred to as “walking pneumonia,” is a mild yet persistent respiratory infection caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Unlike typical bacterial pneumonia, this condition progresses gradually and is commonly seen in children, young adults, and individuals in crowded environments such as schools and military barracks. Understanding the symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment options is