Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a rare but life-threatening reaction to neuroleptic (antipsychotic) medications. It is characterized by fever, muscle rigidity, altered mental status, and autonomic dysfunction. NMS results from dopamine receptor blockade in the central nervous system, leading to dysregulation of body temperature, motor control, and autonomic function. Without prompt recognition and treatment, it
Neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) is a condition characterized by involuntary contractions of the detrusor muscle due to neurological impairment. This results in urinary urgency, incontinence, and potential kidney damage if left untreated. NDO commonly occurs in individuals with spinal cord injuries, multiple sclerosis, stroke, or other neurological disorders. Effective management involves medications, catheterization, neurostimulation, and
Neurogenic bladder is a medical condition resulting from nerve damage that disrupts bladder function, leading to urinary retention, incontinence, and frequent infections. The condition can arise from spinal cord injuries, neurological disorders, diabetes, or congenital anomalies. Effective management requires a combination of medications, catheterization, surgery, and lifestyle modifications. This article explores the causes, symptoms, diagnostic
Neurofibromatosis type 1 with plexiform neurofibromas: Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disorder characterized by the development of multiple nerve sheath tumors, known as neurofibromas. A subset of these, called plexiform neurofibromas (PNs), are more extensive, involve multiple nerve branches, and can cause significant disfigurement, pain, and neurological complications. NF1 is caused by mutations
Neuroendocrine prostate carcinoma (NEPC) is a rare and aggressive subtype of prostate cancer that arises from neuroendocrine cells within the prostate. Unlike conventional adenocarcinoma, which is androgen-dependent, NEPC is typically androgen-independent, making it resistant to traditional hormonal therapies. NEPC accounts for less than 2% of primary prostate cancers but can emerge as a treatment-resistant variant
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a parasitic infection of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by the larvae of Taenia solium, the pork tapeworm. It is the most common cause of acquired epilepsy worldwide, particularly in endemic regions such as Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, and South Asia. Transmission occurs through ingestion of T. solium eggs, often via
Neuroblastoma is a rare pediatric cancer that originates in the sympathetic nervous system, often affecting the adrenal glands or nerve tissue along the spine. It is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children, accounting for 8-10% of all childhood cancers. Most cases occur in children under 5 years of age, with approximately 90% diagnosed
Neuregulin 1 gene fusion positive non small cell lung cancer (NRG1+ NSCLC) is a rare molecular subtype of NSCLC that involves the fusion of the NRG1 gene with various partner genes. This fusion leads to aberrant signaling in the HER3 (ERBB3) pathway, contributing to uncontrolled tumor growth and progression. Although NRG1 fusions are found in
Nesidioblastosis is a rare pancreatic disorder characterized by the abnormal proliferation of insulin-producing beta cells, leading to persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (PHH). This condition primarily affects newborns and infants, though cases in adults have been reported. It is closely related to congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI), a severe endocrine disorder that causes uncontrolled insulin secretion, resulting in frequent
Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical condition marked by heavy proteinuria (≥3.5 g/day), hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and peripheral edema. It signifies a disturbance in the glomerular filtration barrier, primarily affecting the kidneys’ ability to retain proteins, particularly albumin. The syndrome is not a single disease but a manifestation of various underlying pathologies, both primary and secondary. Pathophysiology