Nocturia is a urinary disorder characterized by frequent urination during the night, disrupting sleep and affecting overall well-being. Unlike typical nighttime awakenings, nocturia involves waking up two or more times to urinate. This condition is often linked to aging, medical conditions, lifestyle habits, or underlying urinary tract issues. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential to
Nocardiosis is a rare but potentially severe opportunistic bacterial infection caused by species of the Nocardia genus. These gram-positive, filamentous bacteria primarily affect the lungs, central nervous system (CNS), and skin. While nocardiosis can develop in healthy individuals, it predominantly occurs in immunocompromised patients, such as those with HIV/AIDS, organ transplant recipients, and individuals undergoing
nighttime sleep disturbance: Smith-Magenis Syndrome (SMS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by developmental delays, behavioral abnormalities, and distinct sleep disturbances. A hallmark feature of SMS is nighttime sleep disruption, primarily due to an inverted circadian rhythm and abnormal melatonin secretion patterns. Individuals with SMS experience severe difficulty falling and staying asleep, leading to daytime
Niemann Pick disease type C (NPC) is a rare, inherited lysosomal storage disorder that affects lipid metabolism, leading to progressive neurological decline. It results from mutations in the NPC1 or NPC2 gene, which disrupt cholesterol and lipid transport within cells, causing toxic accumulation in the brain, liver, and spleen. NPC primarily affects children but can
Niacin deficiency, also known as vitamin B3 deficiency, is a nutritional disorder that can lead to pellagra, a severe condition characterized by dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia. Niacin plays a critical role in cell metabolism, energy production, and DNA repair. Without sufficient niacin, vital physiological processes deteriorate, resulting in widespread systemic complications. Understanding Niacin and Its
Neutropenia Secondary to AML Treatment: Neutropenia is a severe reduction in neutrophil count, a type of white blood cell essential for fighting infections. In patients undergoing treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML), neutropenia is a frequent and dangerous side effect caused by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and bone marrow suppression. This condition increases susceptibility to infections,
Neurotrophic keratitis (NK) is a rare, degenerative corneal disease caused by damage to the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V), leading to a loss of corneal sensation. This impairment affects tear production, epithelial integrity, and wound healing, often resulting in corneal ulceration, scarring, and vision loss. Despite being uncommon, NK is a progressive and potentially sight-threatening
Neurosyphilis is a severe manifestation of Treponema pallidum infection, occurring when syphilis invades the central nervous system (CNS). Although primarily associated with late-stage syphilis, it can develop at any stage, causing neurological and psychiatric symptoms. If left untreated, neurosyphilis can lead to permanent brain and spinal cord damage, significantly impacting cognitive and motor functions. This
Neuropathic pain is a debilitating consequence of spinal cord injury (SCI), affecting a significant proportion of patients. It arises due to damage to the spinal cord and nerves, leading to abnormal pain processing. Unlike nociceptive pain, which results from direct tissue damage, neuropathic pain is caused by maladaptive nerve signaling. This condition significantly impacts quality
Neuropathic pain is a complex, chronic pain condition caused by damage or dysfunction of the nervous system. Unlike nociceptive pain, which results from tissue injury or inflammation, neuropathic pain arises from abnormal nerve signaling. It can be spontaneous, persistent, or triggered by stimuli that normally do not cause pain. Common conditions associated with neuropathic pain