Non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA) is a subtype of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the spine and sacroiliac joints. Unlike ankylosing spondylitis (AS), which shows structural damage on X-rays, nr-axSpA lacks definitive radiographic sacroiliitis but may demonstrate inflammation on MRI and is associated with characteristic clinical features. nr-axSpA can affect both
Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) comprises a heterogeneous group of urothelial malignancies confined to the mucosa (Ta, carcinoma in situ) or submucosa (T1) of the bladder wall, without invasion into the muscularis propria. Among these, carcinoma in situ (CIS) represents a high-grade, flat, and aggressive form of NMIBC, often associated with a high risk of
Non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) is a clinically distinct phase of prostate cancer characterized by biochemical progression despite androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), in the absence of detectable distant metastases on conventional imaging. Patients typically present with a rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level while maintaining castrate levels of testosterone (<50 ng/dL). This condition demands proactive therapeutic
Non-infectious uveitis affecting the posterior segment of the eye is a serious inflammatory condition that involves the choroid, retina, and vitreous humor. Unlike infectious uveitis, it is not caused by microbial agents but rather by autoimmune and autoinflammatory mechanisms. This sight-threatening condition demands prompt diagnosis and long-term management due to its potential to cause irreversible
Non Infectious Uveitis: Non-infectious uveitis is a form of intraocular inflammation not caused by pathogens but driven by immune-mediated or idiopathic mechanisms. It affects the uvea—the middle layer of the eye consisting of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid—and may extend to adjacent tissues such as the retina and vitreous body. This condition represents a
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is a heterogeneous group of blood cancers that affect the lymphatic system, part of the body’s immune defense. Unlike Hodgkin’s lymphoma, NHL is defined by the absence of Reed-Sternberg cells and includes a wide variety of lymphoid malignancies arising from B-cells or T-cells. NHL can manifest in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow,
Non CNS Manifestations of Acid Sphingomyelinase Deficiency: Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (ASMD) is a rare lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the SMPD1 gene, resulting in reduced or absent activity of the acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) enzyme. This deficiency leads to the accumulation of sphingomyelin and other lipids in various tissues, particularly within the reticuloendothelial system,
Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Cycle Disorder (Non-24) is a chronic circadian rhythm disorder where the internal biological clock fails to align with the 24-hour day-night cycle. Most prevalent in individuals who are completely blind, the disorder results in progressively delayed sleep and wake times, severely impacting daily functioning and quality of life. While it commonly affects the
Non-Q Wave Myocardial Infarction (NQMI), a subset of acute coronary syndromes (ACS), represents a form of myocardial infarction without the classic Q wave development on electrocardiogram (ECG). While it does not exhibit full-thickness myocardial necrosis, it signifies a serious ischemic event requiring urgent intervention. NQMI is typically classified under non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and
Nocturnal enuresis, commonly known as bedwetting, is a condition characterized by involuntary urination during sleep. It primarily affects children but can persist into adolescence and adulthood. While occasional episodes are normal in young children, persistent bedwetting may indicate an underlying medical or psychological issue. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options can help manage and