Ocular inflammation refers to the immune-mediated or infectious inflammation of any part of the eye. It encompasses a broad spectrum of conditions, ranging from mild surface irritation to sight-threatening intraocular inflammation. Prompt diagnosis and management are crucial to prevent long-term visual impairment. Types of Ocular Inflammation Ocular inflammation can affect various anatomical structures. Based on
Ocular hypertension refers to a condition in which the intraocular pressure (IOP) within the eye is consistently higher than the normal range, typically above 21 mmHg, without any detectable damage to the optic nerve or visual field loss. Though not a disease in itself, ocular hypertension is a critical risk factor for primary open-angle glaucoma,
Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome (OHS), also known as Presumed Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome (POHS), is a serious eye condition that can lead to progressive vision loss. It is believed to result from exposure to the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, primarily affecting individuals who live in areas where the organism is endemic, such as the Ohio and Mississippi River
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSA) is a serious sleep-related breathing disorder characterized by repetitive episodes of upper airway obstruction during sleep. These episodes, often associated with a reduction (hypopnea) or complete cessation (apnea) of airflow, lead to fragmented sleep, intermittent hypoxemia, and excessive daytime sleepiness. OSA poses significant health risks, including cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment,
Obstructive pulmonary disease is a chronic respiratory disorder characterized by airflow limitation due to airway obstruction. This limitation is typically progressive and not fully reversible, significantly impacting pulmonary function and quality of life. The term most commonly refers to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), which includes both chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Accurate diagnosis, early intervention,
Obstructive hydrocephalus, also known as non-communicating hydrocephalus, is a neurological disorder characterized by a blockage in the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricular system of the brain. This obstruction leads to increased intracranial pressure, progressive ventricular dilation, and, if untreated, irreversible brain damage. Understanding the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic strategies, and treatment
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic psychiatric condition characterized by the presence of obsessions—unwanted, intrusive thoughts—and compulsions—repetitive behaviors aimed at reducing distress. These symptoms can significantly impair daily functioning, relationships, and overall quality of life. OCD is categorized as an anxiety-related condition and can manifest in individuals of all ages, with early onset often occurring
Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) deficiency is a rare form of monogenic obesity characterized by early-onset severe obesity, adrenal insufficiency, and red hair pigmentation in most cases. The disorder stems from biallelic mutations in the POMC gene, disrupting the hypothalamic melanocortin pathway that regulates appetite and energy expenditure. Recognizing and treating this condition early is crucial for improving
Leptin receptor (LEPR) deficiency is a rare genetic disorder leading to severe, early-onset obesity caused by disruptions in the body’s energy regulation system. As a form of monogenic obesity, LEPR deficiency is linked directly to mutations in a single gene—LEPR—which encodes the receptor for leptin, a hormone critical for regulating appetite and body weight. Individuals
Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS) is a rare autosomal recessive ciliopathy characterized by multisystemic manifestations, among which obesity is a hallmark. Unlike primary obesity, obesity associated with BBS results from genetic and cellular dysfunctions affecting satiety regulation and energy metabolism. Early diagnosis and tailored intervention are critical for managing the metabolic complications linked to BBS-induced obesity. Understanding