The global opioid crisis has emerged as a significant public health emergency. Opioid overdose, a leading cause of preventable death, results from the excessive consumption of opioid drugs, which suppress the central nervous system—particularly the respiratory centers in the brainstem. Prompt recognition, timely intervention, and strategic prevention measures are essential in reducing mortality and long-term
Opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD) remains one of the most critical and potentially fatal complications associated with opioid therapy. As opioid analgesics continue to be essential in the management of moderate to severe pain, especially in perioperative, palliative, and chronic pain settings, implementing robust prophylactic measures is vital to reduce the risk of respiratory compromise. Our
Ophthalmic angiography is an essential diagnostic technique used to visualize the retinal and choroidal vasculature in vivo. This non-invasive or minimally invasive imaging procedure plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis, monitoring, and management of a wide range of ocular diseases, especially those involving the retinal and choroidal circulation. It provides high-resolution images that help
Ophthalmia sympathetic, medically termed sympathetic ophthalmia, is a rare but serious bilateral granulomatous uveitis that occurs after penetrating trauma or intraocular surgery in one eye. The condition may lead to vision loss in both eyes if not identified and managed promptly. The unaffected eye, known as the sympathizing eye, becomes inflamed due to an autoimmune
Ophthalmia neonatorum, also known as neonatal conjunctivitis, is a form of eye infection occurring within the first 28 days of life. It is characterized by inflammation of the conjunctiva—the clear membrane lining the eyelids and covering the white part of the eyes. This condition demands immediate medical attention due to the risk of corneal damage
Lens operations, commonly referred to as eye lens surgeries, are performed to restore or improve vision affected by various ocular conditions. These procedures are primarily conducted to remove and replace a clouded natural lens, typically caused by cataracts, or to correct refractive errors such as myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism through refractive lens exchange (RLE). Advancements
Open heart surgery, a critical life-saving procedure, inherently carries the risk of surgical site infections (SSIs) and other healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). The sternotomy incision, prolonged exposure of internal structures, and use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) systems increase susceptibility to microbial contamination. Effective infection prevention protocols are paramount for improving patient outcomes and reducing postoperative morbidity
Open-angle glaucoma, also known as primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), is a chronic, progressive optic neuropathy characterized by increased intraocular pressure (IOP) and subsequent damage to the optic nerve. It is the most prevalent form of glaucoma, accounting for approximately 90% of all glaucoma cases worldwide. Despite its prevalence, POAG is often termed the “silent thief
Onychomycosis, medically referred to as tinea unguium, is a fungal infection of the nail unit caused predominantly by dermatophytes. These pathogenic fungi invade the nail plate, nail bed, and surrounding tissue, leading to discoloration, thickening, and eventual destruction of the nail. Onychomycosis due to dermatophyte is the most common cause of nail fungal disease globally,
Onchocerciasis, commonly referred to as river blindness, is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by the filarial parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected blackflies (Simulium species), which breed near fast-flowing rivers and streams—hence the term “river blindness.” The disease predominantly affects sub-Saharan Africa, but cases also exist