Osteomalacia is a metabolic bone disease characterized by the softening of bones due to impaired bone mineralization. It predominantly occurs in adults and is commonly caused by prolonged vitamin D deficiency. Unlike osteoporosis, which results in decreased bone mass, osteomalacia affects the quality of bone, making it weak, pliable, and susceptible to fractures and deformities.
Osteolytic bone metastases are a common and serious complication of advanced breast cancer. These metastases occur when malignant breast cancer cells migrate from the primary tumor site to the bone, disrupting the normal balance of bone remodeling and leading to localized bone destruction. The result is weakened skeletal structure, pain, and increased fracture risk. Among
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), commonly referred to as brittle bone disease, is a rare, inherited connective tissue disorder characterized by extreme bone fragility, recurrent fractures, and skeletal deformities. It results primarily from mutations in genes responsible for the production of type I collagen, a key structural protein in bone, skin, and other tissues. The condition varies
Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the progressive breakdown of articular cartilage, subchondral bone remodeling, and inflammation of the synovium. As the most common form of arthritis affecting the knee joint, OA leads to pain, stiffness, swelling, and functional limitations, especially in older adults. The condition often worsens over
osteoarthritis in patient at high gastric ulcer risk: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive joint disease characterized by cartilage degradation, joint pain, and functional impairment. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) remain a cornerstone of pharmacologic therapy for OA. However, in patients with a high risk of gastric ulcers, such treatment presents a serious concern due to gastrointestinal
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent form of arthritis, characterized by the gradual degradation of articular cartilage and underlying bone in synovial joints. It is a progressive, chronic joint disorder that primarily affects the knees, hips, hands, and spine. The condition results in pain, stiffness, reduced function, and a significant decline in quality of life.
Oropharyngeal candidiasis, also referred to as oral thrush, is a fungal infection of the oral cavity and pharynx, primarily caused by the opportunistic yeast Candida albicans. It manifests as white or creamy plaques on the tongue, inner cheeks, and throat, and is often associated with discomfort, altered taste, and in severe cases, difficulty swallowing. This
Ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency (OTC deficiency) is a rare X-linked urea cycle disorder resulting from a mutation in the OTC gene, which encodes the mitochondrial enzyme ornithine transcarbamylase. This enzyme plays a pivotal role in the urea cycle, responsible for eliminating excess nitrogen by converting ammonia to urea. A deficiency leads to toxic accumulation of ammonia,
organophosphorus overdose: Organophosphorous (OP) compounds, widely used in agriculture as pesticides, pose significant health hazards when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed in excessive amounts. An organophosphorous overdose results in the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), causing an accumulation of acetylcholine at synaptic junctions. This leads to acute cholinergic toxicity, which can rapidly become fatal without timely intervention.
Organophos Insecticide Poisoning: Organophosphate (organophos) insecticides are widely used agricultural chemicals that pose serious risks to human health upon exposure. Poisoning typically results from accidental ingestion, occupational exposure, or intentional self-harm and can lead to life-threatening cholinergic toxicity due to the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, a critical enzyme in the nervous system. Organophos insecticide poisoning is