Parkinsonism refers to a group of neurological disorders characterized by symptoms similar to those of Parkinson’s disease. These include bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, and postural instability. While Parkinson’s disease is the most well-known cause, other neurodegenerative and secondary conditions may also lead to parkinsonian features. Parkinsonism is not a diagnosis but a clinical syndrome, and
Paratyphoid fever is a systemic bacterial infection caused by Salmonella enterica serovars Paratyphi A, Paratyphi B, and Paratyphi C. It is part of the enteric fever complex, closely related to typhoid fever, but is generally considered less severe. Paratyphoid fever remains a significant public health concern in many low- and middle-income countries, particularly where sanitation
Parathyroid hyperactivity, typically associated with primary hyperparathyroidism, results from excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Accurate localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue is essential to guide surgical intervention, particularly for patients undergoing minimally invasive parathyroidectomy. The success of treatment depends heavily on precise preoperative and intraoperative identification of the overactive gland(s). Pathophysiology of Parathyroid Hyperactivity The
Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare but aggressive endocrine malignancy originating from the parathyroid glands. It accounts for less than 1% of primary hyperparathyroidism cases yet is a critical differential diagnosis in patients presenting with severe hypercalcemia. The excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) leads to markedly elevated serum calcium levels, posing life-threatening systemic complications. Unlike
Parasitic infections remain a significant global health concern, especially in regions with limited access to clean water, sanitation, and healthcare. A parasitic infection occurs when a parasite—an organism that lives on or inside a host—invades the human body and disrupts normal physiological functions. These organisms derive nutrients at the host’s expense, often leading to severe
Paralytic ileus is a functional impairment of intestinal motility without a mechanical obstruction, frequently encountered after abdominal or spinal surgeries. The condition leads to delayed gastrointestinal recovery, prolonged hospital stays, increased healthcare costs, and elevated morbidity. Therefore, robust preventive measures are essential to mitigate the onset and severity of this postoperative complication. Risk Factors Necessitating
Paralytic ileus, also known as functional bowel obstruction, is a temporary cessation of peristalsis in the intestines without any physical blockage. Unlike mechanical obstruction, paralytic ileus disrupts the coordinated muscular contractions required to move contents through the gastrointestinal tract. This condition is frequently observed postoperatively, especially following abdominal or pelvic surgeries, but can also be
Paragangliomas are rare, typically benign neuroendocrine tumors arising from the paraganglia—a collection of chromaffin cells located outside the adrenal glands. These tumors are closely related to pheochromocytomas, which occur within the adrenal medulla. While many paragangliomas are nonfunctional, some produce catecholamines, leading to significant clinical manifestations. Paragangliomas are classified based on their location: Etiology and
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic granulomatous fungal infection caused primarily by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides lutzii. Endemic to Latin America, particularly Brazil, PCM primarily affects the lungs and mucocutaneous membranes and can disseminate to other organs. The disease represents a significant public health issue in rural agricultural regions, where exposure to soil-dwelling fungi is common.
Panic disorder is a chronic mental health condition characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks—sudden episodes of intense fear or discomfort that reach a peak within minutes. These episodes are often accompanied by overwhelming physical symptoms and persistent concern about future attacks, leading to significant impairment in daily functioning. The disorder typically emerges in late adolescence