Pasteurella multocida osteomyelitis is an uncommon but serious infection of the bone caused by Pasteurella multocida, a facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative coccobacillus. This zoonotic pathogen is part of the normal oral flora of domestic animals, particularly cats and dogs. Human infection usually occurs following bites, scratches, or licks on broken skin, leading to local tissue infection
Pasteurella multocida endocarditis represents a rare but increasingly recognized form of zoonotic infective endocarditis. This Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic coccobacillus is commonly found in the oropharyngeal flora of domestic animals, especially cats and dogs. Human infections typically follow animal bites, scratches, or close contact. Though commonly associated with soft tissue infections, Pasteurella multocida can invade deeper
Partial epilepsy, also referred to as focal epilepsy, originates in a specific region of the cerebral cortex. Seizures can remain localized or evolve into generalized seizures. When first-line antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) fail to provide sufficient control, adjunctive treatments—used in combination with baseline therapy—offer critical support in reducing seizure frequency and improving quality of life. Adjunctive
Partial central diabetes insipidus is a subtype of central diabetes insipidus characterized by incomplete deficiency of arginine vasopressin (AVP), also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Unlike complete CDI, where AVP secretion is nearly absent, the partial form involves a measurable but insufficient level of AVP production, leading to impaired water reabsorption and mild to moderate
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) refers to a group of arrhythmias characterized by sudden-onset episodes of rapid heart rate originating above the ventricles. These arrhythmias can abruptly begin and end, with heart rates often ranging between 150 and 250 beats per minute. PSVT episodes can occur in structurally normal hearts and are frequently observed in young
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare, acquired hematologic disorder marked by chronic intravascular hemolysis, bone marrow failure, and a heightened risk of thrombosis. It stems from a somatic mutation in the PIGA gene in hematopoietic stem cells, resulting in defective glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins that regulate complement activity. This deficiency renders red blood cells highly
Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT) is a type of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) characterized by sudden, episodic bursts of rapid heart rate originating from an ectopic focus in the atria, outside the sinoatrial node. These episodes occur abruptly and terminate just as suddenly, often lasting from seconds to several hours. PAT is typically non-life-threatening but may cause
Paroxysmal atrial flutter is a type of supraventricular tachycardia marked by intermittent episodes of rapid and regular atrial contractions. Unlike persistent or chronic atrial flutter, paroxysmal forms are self-limited, lasting for minutes to several hours, and often terminate spontaneously. This condition poses significant clinical relevance due to its potential progression to atrial fibrillation and increased
Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation is a subtype of atrial fibrillation characterized by sudden and recurrent episodes of irregular heart rhythm that typically resolve on their own within 7 days, often within 24 hours. These episodes can occur sporadically and without warning, potentially progressing into more persistent or permanent forms of AFib if not effectively managed. It
Paronychia is an infection or inflammation of the periungual tissue, which surrounds the fingernails or toenails. It is one of the most common infections affecting the hand and is often caused by bacterial, fungal, or mixed pathogens. Paronychia can be acute or chronic and may lead to significant pain, swelling, and functional limitations if not