Peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD), also referred to as peripheral artery disease (PAD), is a chronic circulatory condition characterized by narrowed arteries that reduce blood flow to the limbs, most commonly the legs. PAOD is a manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis, often affecting the lower extremities due to plaque buildup in peripheral arteries. This results in
Peripheral arterial embolism (PAE) is a sudden blockage of an artery in the limbs due to an embolus—commonly a blood clot—that travels through the bloodstream and lodges in a peripheral artery. This condition leads to acute limb ischemia, a vascular emergency requiring prompt diagnosis and intervention to prevent permanent tissue damage or limb loss. Pathophysiology
Perioperative tachycardia is defined as a sustained heart rate exceeding 100 beats per minute occurring before, during, or after surgery. As a clinical sign, it is often multifactorial—linked to autonomic imbalance, pharmacologic effects, surgical stress, hypovolemia, pain, or occult pathology. Failure to identify and address tachycardia intraoperatively or postoperatively may result in increased cardiac workload,
Perioperative mydriasis refers to the dilation of the pupils during or around the time of surgery, typically resulting from pharmacological, physiological, or pathological stimuli. While often benign, in certain contexts—especially ophthalmologic procedures, neurosurgery, or anesthesia-sensitive cases—persistent or unexpected mydriasis may indicate significant underlying issues requiring prompt evaluation. Understanding the Mechanisms Behind Perioperative Mydriasis Pupil size
Perioperative hypertension refers to elevated blood pressure occurring in the preoperative, intraoperative, or postoperative phases of surgery. It is a critical clinical entity associated with heightened cardiovascular risk, cerebrovascular events, and surgical complications. Optimal management is essential to minimize morbidity and mortality, particularly in patients with known hypertension or cardiovascular comorbidities. Etiology and Risk Factors
Periodontitis adjunct therapy encompasses supplementary treatment modalities designed to augment conventional mechanical debridement, specifically scaling and root planing (SRP). As periodontitis is a multifactorial disease with microbial, immunological, and behavioral components, monotherapy often proves inadequate. Therefore, the integration of adjunctive therapies has emerged as a vital strategy to enhance healing outcomes, reduce inflammation, and promote
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the supportive structures of the teeth, including the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. Originating from untreated gingivitis, it leads to progressive tissue destruction, tooth mobility, and eventual tooth loss if not adequately managed. This severe gum infection is not only a dental concern but also a
Periodontal infection refers to the inflammatory condition affecting the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. This infection progresses from gingivitis to periodontitis when left untreated, often resulting in tooth mobility, bone loss, and even tooth loss in advanced stages. Etiology of Periodontal Infection Bacterial Pathogenesis The primary cause
Pericarditis is an inflammatory condition affecting the pericardium, the thin, double-layered sac that surrounds and protects the heart. This inflammation can lead to chest pain, pericardial effusion, and, in severe cases, cardiac tamponade or constrictive pericarditis. Types of Pericarditis and Their Classification Pericarditis can be classified by duration and etiology. Based on Duration Based on
Pericardial malignant effusion refers to the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac surrounding the heart, due to cancerous involvement. This condition often signifies advanced malignancy and carries significant clinical implications. The fluid buildup can compress the heart, impair its function, and lead to life-threatening complications such as cardiac tamponade. Pathophysiology of Malignant Pericardial Effusion