Pneumococcal acute otitis media (AOM) is a common and potentially severe infection of the middle ear, primarily caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. It is especially prevalent among infants and young children and is a leading cause of antibiotic prescriptions in pediatric practice. This condition contributes significantly to healthcare utilization worldwide and presents a considerable public health
Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is a serious oncologic condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of cancer-related fluid in the pleural cavity. This condition typically indicates advanced malignancy and is associated with poor prognosis. It severely impacts respiratory function and quality of life, necessitating timely and strategic intervention. Pathophysiology of Malignant Pleural Effusion MPE results from
Pleural empyema, also referred to as empyema thoracis, is the accumulation of pus within the pleural cavity—the space between the lung and the chest wall—typically resulting from an infection such as pneumonia, lung abscess, or thoracic surgery. It is a severe condition that requires immediate medical attention to prevent life-threatening complications like sepsis, lung collapse,
Platysma bands are vertical lines or cords that become prominent in the neck region with age. These visible structures are due to the contraction, separation, or hypertrophy of the platysma muscle, a superficial sheet-like muscle extending from the jawline down to the upper chest. The appearance of these bands is often associated with skin laxity,
Plasmodium vivax, a protozoan parasite, presents unique challenges in malaria prevention due to its ability to form hypnozoites—dormant liver-stage parasites capable of causing relapses. These relapses can occur weeks or months after the initial infection, complicating control efforts and increasing the burden on endemic regions. Effective prevention requires integrated strategies targeting both the mosquito vector
Plasmodium vivax is one of the five protozoan species that cause malaria in humans. Unlike the often-deadly Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax malaria is generally less severe but is notable for its ability to relapse due to dormant liver-stage parasites known as hypnozoites. Its widespread geographic distribution, especially across Asia and Latin America, makes it a
Plasmodium ovale malaria poses a unique challenge due to its capacity for relapse through dormant liver stages known as hypnozoites. While it is not as widespread as P. falciparum or P. vivax, its presence in Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and Papua New Guinea calls for robust prevention measures. We examine effective preventive strategies, including vector
Plasmodium ovale is one of the five species of Plasmodium known to cause malaria in humans. Though less prevalent than P. falciparum or P. vivax, P. ovale is medically significant due to its potential for relapse and its ability to persist in the liver in a dormant form known as the hypnozoite. This article provides
Plasmodium malariae, the causative agent of quartan malaria, continues to persist in various tropical regions despite global malaria reduction efforts. Although typically associated with lower parasitemia and milder symptoms compared to Plasmodium falciparum, its capacity for chronic infection and silent transmission necessitates a targeted approach for prevention. In this article, we outline comprehensive and evidence-based
Plasmodium malariae is one of the five Plasmodium species known to infect humans, responsible for causing quartan malaria. Although less prevalent than P. falciparum and P. vivax, P. malariae presents a persistent threat due to its long-lasting infections, potential to remain undiagnosed for years, and chronic health effects. Comprehensive knowledge of this species is essential