Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic digestive condition where stomach acid or bile flows back into the esophagus, causing irritation. This reflux often results in symptoms like heartburn and regurgitation, affecting millions worldwide. Causes of GERD GERD occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) weakens or relaxes inappropriately, allowing stomach acid to rise. Common
Gastroenteritis due to Shigella, commonly referred to as shigellosis, represents a significant public health concern worldwide. This bacterial infection primarily affects the intestines, leading to severe gastrointestinal distress. Understanding its etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, treatment options, and preventive measures is crucial for effective management and control. Etiology of Shigella-Induced Gastroenteritis Shigella is a genus
Gastric cancer, commonly referred to as stomach cancer, originates from the lining of the stomach and can progress to invade other organs if not detected and treated promptly. This malignancy poses significant health challenges globally, necessitating a thorough understanding of its aspects. Epidemiology Gastric cancer ranks among the most prevalent cancers worldwide, though its incidence
External condylomata acuminata, commonly known as genital warts, is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). It is characterized by wart-like growths on the external genitalia, perianal area, and sometimes the groin. While not life-threatening, this condition can cause discomfort, itching, and psychological distress. This article provides an
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for approximately 15% of all lung cancer cases and is characterized by its rapid growth and early metastasis. When the cancer has spread beyond one lung and nearby lymph nodes, it is classified as extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC). This article provides a detailed examination of ES-SCLC, including
Excess submental fat, commonly known as a “double chin,” refers to the accumulation of fatty tissue beneath the chin. This condition affects individuals of all ages and body types, often leading to aesthetic concerns and self-esteem issues. Causes of Submental Fat Accumulation 1. Genetics A genetic predisposition to fat accumulation in the submental region plays
Ewing’s sarcoma is a malignant tumor that predominantly arises in the bones or soft tissues surrounding the bones. It chiefly affects children, adolescents, and young adults, with a higher incidence during the teenage years. This aggressive cancer necessitates prompt diagnosis and comprehensive treatment to improve survival rates. Epidemiology Ewing’s sarcoma accounts for approximately 1% of
Eubacterium peritonitis is a rare but serious intra-abdominal infection caused by Eubacterium species, a genus of anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria. This condition primarily affects individuals undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) but can also result from gastrointestinal perforations, trauma, or post-surgical complications. Due to its rarity and unique microbiological characteristics, early diagnosis and targeted treatment are essential for
What Is Essential Tremor? Essential tremor (ET) is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary and rhythmic shaking, most commonly affecting the hands but potentially involving the head, voice, and legs. Unlike Parkinson’s disease, ET is not associated with other neurodegenerative symptoms and tends to worsen with movement rather than at rest. Causes of Essential Tremor
What Is Essential Thrombocythemia? Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is a rare chronic blood disorder characterized by an abnormally high number of platelets in the blood. It is classified as a myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN), meaning it results from the overproduction of blood cells in the bone marrow. ET increases the risk of blood clots (thrombosis) and, in