Hepatitis A is a contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). It is commonly transmitted through contaminated food, water, or close contact with an infected individual. Vaccination is a highly effective preventive measure against this disease. Importance of Hepatitis A Vaccination The hepatitis A vaccine is crucial for preventing infection and its
Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease (VOD), also known as sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS), is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition characterized by the blockage of small veins in the liver. It is often associated with stem cell transplantation, chemotherapy, and other liver-related complications. Causes and Risk Factors Primary Causes Risk Factors Symptoms of Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease Early
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a complex neurological disorder resulting from liver dysfunction, primarily seen in patients with chronic liver disease or acute liver failure. This condition arises due to the accumulation of toxic substances in the bloodstream that the liver fails to adequately filter. HE can present in various forms, ranging from mild cognitive impairment
Hepatic cirrhosis is a severe liver condition characterized by irreversible scarring (fibrosis) that impairs liver function. This chronic disease progressively damages the liver, affecting its ability to perform vital tasks such as detoxification, metabolism, and bile production. Causes of Hepatic Cirrhosis Several underlying conditions can contribute to hepatic cirrhosis, including: 1. Chronic Alcohol Abuse Excessive
Hemorrhoids, also known as piles, are swollen veins in the lower rectum and anus. They are common and can cause discomfort, itching, and bleeding. Hemorrhoids are classified into two types: Causes of Hemorrhoids Several factors contribute to the development of hemorrhoids: Symptoms of Hemorrhoids The most common symptoms include: Diagnosis of Hemorrhoids Healthcare professionals may
Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn (HDN), also known as Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding (VKDB), is a potentially life-threatening condition that results from insufficient vitamin K levels in newborns. This deficiency impairs blood clotting, increasing the risk of severe bleeding. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and preventive measures is crucial for safeguarding neonatal health. Causes of Hemorrhagic
Hemophilia B, also known as Christmas disease, is a rare inherited bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of clotting factor IX. This condition leads to prolonged bleeding episodes due to impaired blood clotting. Causes of Hemophilia B Hemophilia B is a genetic disorder resulting from mutations in the F9 gene, which is responsible for producing
Hemophilia A is a genetic bleeding disorder caused by insufficient or defective clotting factor VIII. It is the most common type of hemophilia, affecting primarily males due to its X-linked recessive inheritance pattern. Individuals with hemophilia A experience prolonged bleeding episodes, even from minor injuries, posing significant health risks. Causes of Hemophilia A Hemophilia A
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare but potentially life-threatening immune disorder characterized by excessive immune activation. It leads to severe inflammation and multi-organ dysfunction. HLH can be classified into primary (genetic) and secondary (acquired) forms, each presenting distinct challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Types of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Primary HLH (Familial HLH) Primary HLH is an
Pyruvate kinase deficiency (PKD) is a rare genetic disorder that leads to chronic hemolytic anemia. This condition arises from a mutation in the PKLR gene, which impairs the production or function of the pyruvate kinase enzyme. As a result, red blood cells become inefficient in producing energy, leading to their premature destruction. Understanding Hemolytic Anemia