Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a powerful strategy for preventing HIV infection. This medical intervention involves taking antiretroviral medications to reduce the risk of contracting HIV in individuals who are HIV-negative but at high risk of exposure. How Does PrEP Work? PrEP medications contain two key antiretroviral drugs: These medications prevent the HIV virus from establishing
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that targets the body’s immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), leading to a progressive decline in immune function. If untreated, HIV can advance to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), the most severe phase of HIV infection. Understanding the intricacies of HIV infection is crucial for effective prevention,
Histoplasmosis is a fungal infection caused by inhaling the spores of Histoplasma capsulatum, a fungus commonly found in soil enriched with bird or bat droppings. The infection primarily affects the lungs but can spread to other organs in severe cases, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Causes and Risk Factors Histoplasmosis is caused by exposure to Histoplasma
Histiocytic neoplasms are a rare and heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by the proliferation of histiocytes, which are immune cells derived from the monocyte-macrophage lineage. These neoplasms encompass a spectrum of diseases with varying clinical presentations, prognoses, and therapeutic approaches. Understanding their classification, molecular underpinnings, and clinical manifestations is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management.
Neuroblastoma is a malignant tumor arising from neural crest cells, predominantly affecting children under five years of age. High-risk neuroblastoma, characterized by metastasis to bone and bone marrow, presents significant treatment challenges and is associated with poor prognosis. This article delves into the clinical characteristics, therapeutic approaches, and prognostic factors associated with high-risk neuroblastoma involving
Neuroblastoma, a malignancy originating from neural crest cells, predominantly affects children under five years of age. High-risk neuroblastoma, characterized by specific clinical and biological features, poses significant treatment challenges and is associated with poorer prognoses. Risk Stratification and Prognostic Factors Accurate risk assessment is crucial for tailoring treatment strategies. The International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Staging
High-grade gliomas (HGGs) are aggressive brain tumors characterized by rapid progression and resistance to conventional therapies. Among them, a subset harbors the BRAF V600E mutation, a genetic alteration with significant therapeutic implications. Understanding the molecular basis, diagnostic approaches, and treatment options for high-grade glioma with BRAF V600E mutation is crucial for improving patient outcomes. Pathogenesis
High-grade B-cell lymphoma (HGBCL) is an aggressive and fast-growing type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. This malignancy originates from B-lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system. Due to its rapid progression, early diagnosis and treatment are essential for improving outcomes. Types of High-Grade B-Cell Lymphoma HGBCL is classified
Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) is a genetic disorder characterized by high cholesterol levels, particularly low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), from birth. This condition significantly increases the risk of premature cardiovascular disease (CVD) if left untreated. Causes of HeFH HeFH is caused by mutations in genes responsible for regulating cholesterol metabolism. The primary genes implicated are: Individuals
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO) is a viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus, the same virus responsible for chickenpox. When reactivated in the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve, this infection can severely affect the eye and surrounding areas, posing risks of vision loss if untreated. Causes and Risk Factors HZO is triggered by the