Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS), commonly referred to as progeria, is a rare genetic condition characterized by accelerated aging in children. This progressive disorder significantly impacts physical development, often leading to severe cardiovascular complications and reduced lifespan. Causes and Genetic Basis HGPS is caused by a mutation in the LMNA gene, responsible for producing the lamin
Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) is a paraneoplastic syndrome characterized by elevated calcium levels in the bloodstream due to malignancy. It is commonly associated with solid tumors such as lung, breast, and renal cancers. Understanding the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of HHM is crucial for effective management. Pathophysiology of Humoral Hypercalcemia of Malignancy HHM
Human bite wounds are injuries inflicted by the teeth of a person, often occurring during fights, accidental contact, or aggressive behavior. Although these injuries may seem minor, they carry a high risk of infection and complications if untreated. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options is crucial for ensuring proper care. Causes of Human Bite
Hormone receptor-positive (HR+) early breast cancer is a subtype of breast cancer characterized by the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and/or progesterone receptors (PR) on cancer cells. These receptors fuel cancer growth through hormone stimulation. Risk Factors for Hormone Receptor-Positive Early Breast Cancer Identifying risk factors helps in early detection and preventive strategies. Common risk
Hormone receptor-positive (HR-positive) breast cancer is a type of breast cancer that grows in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is characterized by the presence of hormone receptors in cancer cells, making hormonal therapy an effective treatment option. What is Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer? HR-positive breast cancer is defined by the
HER2 Negative Advanced Female Breast Cancer is one of the most common subtypes of breast cancer, accounting for approximately 70% of all breast cancer diagnoses. This subtype is characterized by cancer cells that express hormone receptors (estrogen or progesterone) but lack human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression. Understanding HR-Positive, HER2-Negative Breast Cancer HR-positive
Hormone receptor (HR)-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer is a subtype of breast cancer that tests positive for hormone receptors but lacks human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression. This subtype constitutes a significant portion of breast cancer cases, predominantly affecting postmenopausal women. Understanding Hormone Receptors and HER2 Status Hormone receptors are proteins that bind
Homocystinuria type III is a rare metabolic disorder characterized by elevated homocysteine levels in the blood. This condition results from mutations in the MTHFR gene, which impacts the body’s ability to process homocysteine properly. As a subtype of homocystinuria, type III presents unique clinical features, diagnostic methods, and treatment approaches. What Causes Homocystinuria Type III?
Homocystinuria Type I is a rare genetic disorder characterized by elevated levels of homocysteine in the blood and urine. It results from a deficiency in the enzyme cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS), which is crucial for metabolizing the amino acid homocysteine. This condition, if untreated, can lead to severe complications affecting multiple organs and systems. Causes of
Hodgkin’s lymphoma, also known as Hodgkin’s disease, is a type of lymphoma that affects the lymphatic system, a crucial part of the immune system. This malignancy is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, which distinguish it from other forms of lymphoma. Causes and Risk Factors The exact cause of Hodgkin’s lymphoma remains unclear, but