Tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) is a serious complication of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), characterized by the formation of an inflammatory mass involving the fallopian tube, ovary, and adjacent pelvic organs. Most commonly occurring in reproductive-aged women, TOA presents significant morbidity and can result in long-term reproductive and systemic complications if not managed promptly. Pathophysiology and Causes
Tuberculosis (TB) prophylaxis represents a critical component of global TB control strategies. It involves targeted interventions to prevent latent TB infection (LTBI) from progressing to active disease or to protect uninfected individuals from acquiring Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). This is particularly vital among high-risk groups such as immunocompromised individuals, close contacts of infectious TB cases,
Tuberculosis meningitis (TBM) is the most severe manifestation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, with high mortality and neurological morbidity. While standard antitubercular therapy (ATT) forms the cornerstone of treatment, adjunctive interventions are essential to modulate inflammation, reduce complications, and improve neurological outcomes. Adjunct therapies in TBM encompass pharmacological agents such as corticosteroids, immunomodulatory treatments, and surgical management
Tuberculosis meningitis (TBM), also known as tuberculous meningitis, is the most severe form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, involving inflammation of the meninges due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TBM presents significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges and is associated with high morbidity and mortality, especially in resource-limited settings. Pathogenesis of TB Meningitis Tuberculosis meningitis develops as a complication of
Trichuriasis, also known as whipworm infection, is a significant soil-transmitted helminthic disease caused by Trichuris trichiura. This parasitic nematode inhabits the human large intestine, particularly the cecum and ascending colon. With hundreds of millions affected globally, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas, trichuriasis poses a considerable burden on public health, especially among children. Understanding Trichuris
Trichomoniasis is a widespread sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. This flagellated protozoan primarily infects the urogenital tract, leading to symptoms that can range from mild to severe or remain asymptomatic, complicating timely diagnosis and treatment. Understanding the disease’s epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic protocols, and management strategies is essential for
Trichinosis, also known as trichinellosis, is a zoonotic parasitic infection caused by nematodes of the genus Trichinella. It predominantly arises from the consumption of undercooked or raw meat infected with Trichinella larvae, most commonly pork or wild game. The disease poses a significant public health concern worldwide, especially in regions where meat inspection and cooking
Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Managing its progression requires a multifaceted strategy involving pharmacologic therapy, lifestyle modification, dietary intervention, and sometimes procedural or surgical approaches. By employing evidence-based treatments, we can significantly reduce the burden of atherosclerotic plaque buildup and prevent acute coronary events. Understanding the Progression of Coronary
Traveler’s diarrhea is the most common illness among international travelers, particularly those visiting regions with limited access to clean water and food sanitation. Among its many bacterial causes, noninvasive strains of Escherichia coli—primarily Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)—are the leading pathogens. These organisms cause secretory diarrhea without penetrating the intestinal mucosa,
Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as Group A Streptococcus (GAS), is a gram-positive, beta-hemolytic bacterium responsible for a spectrum of infections. Among these, traumatic skin lesion S. pyogenes infections are particularly concerning due to the organism’s aggressive nature and potential to invade deep tissues. Following skin trauma — including lacerations, abrasions, puncture wounds, or surgical incisions