Infantile spasms (IS), also known as West syndrome, are a rare yet serious type of epilepsy that occurs in infants, typically between 3 to 12 months of age. These seizures are characterized by sudden, brief movements that often appear as head drops, arm jerks, or body stiffening. Causes of Infantile Spasms Infantile spasms can result
Infantile metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is a rare genetic disorder that affects the white matter of the brain and nervous system. It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme arylsulfatase A (ARSA), resulting in the accumulation of sulfatides that damage the myelin sheath. This progressive condition is most commonly diagnosed in infancy, posing severe developmental
Infantile malignant osteopetrosis (IMO) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by excessively dense bones due to defective bone resorption. This condition, also known as malignant infantile osteopetrosis, severely impairs bone marrow function and can be life-threatening if untreated. Causes of Infantile Malignant Osteopetrosis IMO is primarily caused by mutations in genes that regulate osteoclast function,
Infantile hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a rare genetic disorder that affects bone mineralization, leading to skeletal deformities, respiratory issues, and severe developmental concerns. This condition occurs due to mutations in the ALPL gene, which encodes the tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase enzyme (TNSALP). Causes and Genetic Basis Infantile hypophosphatasia results from mutations in the ALPL gene. This
Infant botulism is a rare but serious illness caused by the ingestion of Clostridium botulinum spores, which produce a powerful neurotoxin in the baby’s intestines. This condition primarily affects infants under 12 months of age due to their immature digestive systems. Causes of Infant Botulism The primary cause of infant botulism is the ingestion of
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a progressive condition characterized by the accumulation of plaque in the arteries, leading to narrowed or blocked vessels. This condition significantly increases the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other cardiovascular events. Key Risk Factors for ASCVD Several factors contribute to the heightened risk of ASCVD: 1. High Cholesterol Levels
Inclusion conjunctivitis is an ocular infection primarily caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. This condition is commonly transmitted through genital-ocular contact but can also result from autoinoculation in individuals with active genital chlamydial infections. Newborns may contract the infection during vaginal delivery from an infected mother. Causes and Transmission Inclusion conjunctivitis is caused by specific
Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is a rare, progressive muscle disorder characterized by inflammation, muscle weakness, and degeneration. IBM primarily affects older adults, typically over the age of 50, and is more common in men than women. The condition is classified as an idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) and is distinct due to its slow progression and
Inactive tuberculosis, also known as latent TB infection (LTBI), occurs when an individual is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria but does not exhibit active symptoms. While inactive TB does not cause immediate illness, the bacteria remain dormant in the body and can potentially activate under certain conditions. Causes and Transmission of Inactive Tuberculosis Inactive TB
Impetigo is a common and highly contagious bacterial skin infection that predominantly affects infants and young children. It manifests as red sores that rupture, ooze fluid, and eventually develop a yellow-brown crust. Although impetigo is not typically serious, it can be uncomfortable and requires appropriate treatment to prevent complications and spreading. Causes of Impetigo Impetigo